Heritable natural variation of light/dark preference in an outbred zebrafish population

Abstract

Anxiety is a fear-like response to stimuli perceived to be threatening. Excessive or uncontrollable anxiety is a debilitating psychiatric disorder which affects many people throughout their lifetime. In unravelling the complex genetic and environmental regulations of anxiety-like phenotypes, models measuring the natural dark avoidance of larval zebrafish have shed light on the individual variation and heritability of this anxiety-related trait. Using the light/dark choice paradigm and selective breeding, this study aims to validate previous findings of the variable (VDA) and strong dark aversion (SDA) heritability in AB-WT larval zebrafish using the outbred zebrafish strain EK, which offers more genetic diversity to aid in future molecular mapping efforts. 190 larvae (6 days post fertilization [dpf] and 7 dpf) were tested across four trials and divided into variable (VDA), medium (MDA) and strong (SDA) dark aversion for further in-crosses. VDA and MDA larvae became more explorative with time, whereas SDA larvae rarely left the preferred light zone. The SDA and VDA in-crosses significantly increased the respective phenotypes in the second generation of larvae, whereas VDA × MDA inter-crosses did not. For the second-generation SDA cohort, dark aversion correlated with increased thigmotaxis, which reinforces SDA as an anxiety-like phenotype. Our finding that the dark aversion trait and SDA and VDA phenotypes are heritable in an outbred zebrafish population lays an important foundation for future studies of genetic underpinnings using whole-genome mapping methods. This conserved fear/anxiety-like response in a highly accessible model organism also allows for further pharmacological and behavioral studies to elucidate the etiology of anxiety and the search for novel therapeutics for anxiety disorders.

Keywords:

• Population genetics
• behavioral diversity
• natural variation
• inheritance

Acknowledgements

We thank Kristina Tyler Poston for advice on the use of Ethovision, Stacy Steinberg for advice on genetics and statistics, members of the Guo Lab for discussion, and Michael Munchua, Vivian Yuan, Hongbin Yuan and Jessie Zhai for outstanding fish care.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work is supported by the NIH grants R01 DA035680 and R01 GM132500 to S.G. A.D. was supported by a stipend from Stiftelsen Fredrik Lindströms Minne.