Does incorporation of TiO₂ nanotubes in air-abraded high translucent zirconia influence shear bond strength?*

Abstract

The present in vitro study evaluated the effect of titanium nanotubes (nTiO₂) application on high translucent zirconia (Copra Supreme, Whitepeaks) on shear bond strength values with different self-adhesive resin cements (Panavia V5, G-Cem One, and Variolink Esthetic DC). One hundred and forty-eight specimens were prepared and randomly divided into four groups (n = 37) according to surface treatment groups (air-abraded sintered zirconia, air-abraded pre-sintered zirconia, application of nTiO₂ on zirconia, and application of nTiO₂ on air-abraded zirconia). nTiO₂ were produced by alkaline hydrothermal synthesis, mixed with isopropyl alcohol (50 wt%), and applied on pre-sintered zirconia. The surface roughness (Ra) was examined. Sintered surfaces were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (Fe-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Surface treatment groups were randomly divided into three subgroups according to self-adhesive resin cement (n = 12). Luting procedures were performed and specimens were stored in water at 21 °C for 6 months before the shear bond strength test. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA. Fe-Sem images and EDS confirmed the incorporation of nTiO₂ on zirconia. Surface treatment methods affected the Ra of zirconia (p < .001). Surface treatment method (p = .013) and self-adhesive resin cement (p < .001) affected shear bond strength values. The lowest shear bond strength values were achieved in applied nTiO₂ on high translucent zirconia specimens (p < .05). The lowest shear bond strength values were determined in the Variolink Esthetic DC group (p < .05). Application of nTiO₂ on air-abraded high translucent zirconia surface had no significant effect on the shear bond strength (p > .05).

Keywords:

• Titanium nanotubes
• surface treatment
• high translucent zirconia
• shear bond strength
• water storage aging

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Gulhane Medical Design and Manufacturing Center and Dr. Simel Ayyildiz for preparing the zirconia specimens. We also thank Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Dr. Ozgur Esim for their help in the experimental phase of this study.

Disclosure statement

The authors do not have any financial interest in the companies whose materials are included in this article.