Notes
1 Helen Rappaport, Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1999), 130.
2 Frank Dikötter, Dictators: The Cult of Personality in the Twentieth Century (London: Bloomsbury, 2020), 82.
3 Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (London: Pan, 2010), 343; Stephen Kotkin, Stalin, Vol II: Waiting for Hitler (New York: Penguin, 2018), 306, 428.
4 Service, Stalin, 344.
5 Kotkin, Stalin, 570.
6 Ronald Suny, Red Flag Wounded: Stalinism and the Fate of the Soviet Experiment (New York: Verso, 2020), 221.
7 Roy Medvedev, ‘How the Short Course Was Created’, Russian Politics and Law 43, no. 3 (2005): 84.
8 Karl Marx and Jules Guesde, ‘The Programme of the Parti Ouvrier’, Marxist Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/parti-ouvrier.htm.