Notes
1 Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 5. Andrea Rusnock, ‘Quantification, Precision and Accuracy: Determinations of Population in the Ancien Régime’, in The Values of Precision, ed. M. Norton Wise (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 17–38. Stephen Gaukroger, The Natural and the Human: Science and the Shaping of Modernity, 1739–1841 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
2 Mary Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1998). Jacob Soll, The Reckoning: Financial Accountability and the Rise and Fall of Nations (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 182.
3 Albert Madansky, ‘On Biblical Censuses’, Journal of Official Statistics 2, no. 4 (1986): 561–9. Mordechai Z. Cohen, Rashi, Biblical Interpretation, and Latin Learning in Medieval Europe: A New Perspective on an Exegetical Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 20210.
4 Ángel Galán Sánchez Alejandro García-Sanjuán and Kate Fleet, ‘Muslim Worlds: Al-Andalus and the early Ottoman State’, in The Routledge Handbook of Public Taxation in Medieval Europe, eds. Denis Mejot, Mathieu Caesar, Florent Garnier and Pere Verdés (London: Routledge, 2023), 408–35.
5 Fuat Dündar, ‘Empire of Taxonomy: Ethnic and Religious Identities in the Ottoman Surveys and Censuses’, Middle Eastern Studies 51, no. 1 (2015): 136–58. Joseph R. Hacker, ‘The Rise of Ottoman Jewry’, in The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7, The Early Modern World, 1500–1815, eds. Jonathan Karp and Adam Sutcliffe (Cambridge: Cambidge University Press, 2017), 77–112.
6 Justus Nipperdey, Die Erfindung der Bevölkerungspolitik (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2012).
7 Johann Joachim Becher, Politischer Discurs Von den eigentlichen Vrsachen/ deß Auf- und Abnehmens/ der Städt/ Länder/ und Republicken in specie, Wie ein Land Volckreich und Nahrhaft z[u] machen/ und in eine rechte Societatem civilem zu bringen (Frankfurt: Zinner, 1668).
8 Ian Hacking compared Leibniz and Petty in The Taming of Chance, 18–19.
9 G. W. Leibniz, ‘Entwurf gewisser Staats-tafeln’, Werke, Vol. 5: Verschiedene politische und staats-wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, ed. Onno Klopp (Hannover: Klindworth, 1866), 314–20.
10 Eg. Hacking, The Taming of Chance.
11 Vera Keller, ‘“A Political Fiat Lux”. Wilhem von Schroeder (1640–1688) and the Co-production of Chymical and Political Oeconomy’, in ‘Eigennutz’ und ‘gute Ordnung’: Ökonomisierungen der Welt im 17. Jahrhundert, eds. Sandra Richter and Guillaume Garner (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016), 353–78.
12 Catherine Abou-Nemeh, ‘Daring to Conjecture in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Sciences’, Isis 113, no. 4 (2022): 728–46.
13 Jed Buchwald and Mordechai Feingold, Newton and the Origin of Civilization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012), 5.