Experiences of Perozone and C-Sparge at Two Former Dry Cleaner Sites in the Netherlands

Abstract

C-Sparge^TM, better known as ozone sparging (microbubble ozone), is used for treatment of the plume zone area with VOCs, mainly PCE, at a former dry cleaner site in Utrecht. The City of Utrecht has had good results with C-Sparge in combination with pump and treat. Prior to the application of C-Sparge, pump and treat was used for removal of mass in the plume until tailing of the groundwater concentrations occurred. Together the pilot test and full-scale system lowered PCE groundwater concentrations from ppm-level (max. 15 ppm) to low ppb-level (400 ppb) in about 125 days. Currently, the remediation is in the tail end, and the site remediation will be closed. Perozone® (peroxide-coated ozone) is used on a former dry cleaner site in Terneuzen. After demolition of the dry cleaner facility and excavation of the hot spot in soil, MIP-CPTs were done to investigate for possible DNAPL (Dense non-aqueous phase liquids) below the former dry cleaner facility. After installing 60 Laminar Spargepoints® over approximately 100,000 m³ soil volume, the system was started in October, 2005. The initial results indicate a quick removal of aqueous PCE concentrations. The experience indicates that treatment of the DNAPL with Perozone is possible. Mobilization effects were found in the source zone also. From extended monitoring appears a >99% reduction of this initial increased concentration. Currently, a total of about 85% mass has been removed within the 100,000 m³ of soil volume, and the remediation has reached the tail end.

Keywords:

• Ozone
• Peroxide
• Sparging
• Microbubble
• Peroxide-Coated
• In-Situ Chemical Oxidation
• Chlorinated Solvents
• Dry Cleaner
• DNAPL