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Abstract
Experimental work on a laboratory recirculating apparatus, for the simulation of a cooling water system has yielded information on the effectiveness of ozone as a biocide for biofouling control. Biofilms were developed within glass tubes of the simulated cooling water system using filtered mainswater and Pseudomonas fluorescens as the test bacteria. A summary of the results obtained is presented and an interpretation of these results relating to the full-scale application of ozone is provided.
Ozonated water was produced using a contact system specifically designed for these tests by Ozotech Ltd. Ozone residual concentrations in the order of 0.1 mg/L were found to be capable of removing 80-99% of the biofilm in single applications. However, effectiveness of ozone was dependent on morphology, thickness and age of the biofilms. Intermittent application of ozone, using residual concentrations < 0.1 mg/L, was found to be capable of weakening the biofilm, but a minimum period of 3-h was required for effective control.
The fluid velocity was found to affect the rate and amount of biofilm removed. The effects of fluid velocities in the range 0.5-2.5 m/sec were examined. In general, the higher the velocity the greater the initial rate of removal and the percentage of the biofilm removed; this suggested that ozone action was mass transfer dependent.
The effect of ozone on bacterial cell structure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy techniques. Changes in cell structure were revealed after contact with ozone and residuals above 0.4 mg/L were required for 100% kill of bacterial suspensions.
In conclusion, the effectiveness of ozone for full-scale application will vary depending on the morphology of the biofilm, the velocity of the fluid and the ozone dose applied. An ozone dosing regime for commercial application is suggested.