Using the Ethoxylated Polyalkylphenol Formaldehyde Additives to Enhance the Physical Properties of Egyptian Jet Fuel A1

Abstract

Nine ethoxylated polyalkyl phenol formaldehydes were prepared. From our results, it was found that the maximum (Ec) enhancement was obtained by DDP3 (20 pS/m) while it was (9 pS/m) for the blank jet fuel A1. On the other hand, the decreasing of freezing point was achieved by DDP3 (−70°C), while it was (−57°C) for the blank jet fuel. The gross and net calorific values (Cv) were ameliorated enhancement, compared with blank Cv of the jet fuel A1. The maximum net Cv was obtained by DDP3 (45.3 Mj/kg), while it was 43.7 Mj/kg for the blank sample. Also, the density increased for both molecular weight and the alkyl chain length of the prepared polymers. The minimum emulsion stability was marked for DDP3 (10 minutes), which exhibited the minimum droplet size (10 mm) at the same time the maximum reduction of surface tension (γ) for DDP3 was obtained in both jet and water (34 and 29 mNm⁻¹). This results means that the maximum atomization of fuel during injection should be obtained by the DDP3, which leads to complete ignition in the combustion chamber. These general enhancements of the physical properties gives the used fuel a marvelous industrial reflection and enables us to use it for military purposes.

Keywords:

• Calorific values
• density
• electrical conductivity
• emulsion stability
• ethoxylated polyalkylphenol formaldehyde
• freezing point
• jet fuel A1

Notes

R = alkyl group, n = degree of polymerization (repeating unit).

Eo = number of ethylene oxide units.

TM.wt = total molecular weight after ethoxylation.