GENERATING TENSION FOR CONSTRUCTIVE CHANGE: THE USE AND ABUSE OF SYSTEMS MODELS

Abstract

General systems ideas, and cybernetic models in particular, are commonly applied to the social sphere with the avowed aim of improving things. However, it is useless, impossible, and even dangerous to attempt to implement such models directly, particularly where ideals such as democracy or participation are involved. An alternative is suggested: generating a tension between the abstract formality and roundedness of a conceptual system or cybernetic model and the fuzzy and unsystemic nature of a concrete situation. Checkland's ‘soft’ systems methodology is one formulation which is explicit about the use of such tensions in bringing about changes.

Rather than perpetuating the myth of an objective “common good,” it is important to make clear the underlying values and ideological assumptions behind attempts at social engineering. The example is taken of decision making in a medium sized workers' co-operative. This study used a formal model in this indirect, tension-generating way, and led to some positive changes. Tension generation appears as a method which makes it easier to point up underlying values and assumptions and which realizes its own limitations.