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Original Articles

Por un enfoque psicolingüístico del aprendizaje de la lectura y sus dificultades

In favour of a psycholinguistic approach to learning to read and its difficulties

Pages 79-94 | Published online: 29 Apr 2014
 

Resumen

El análisis del acto lectura nos lleva a proponer que aprender a leer consiste en descubrir cómo utilizar el dispositivo destinado inicialmente a comprender frases orales para comprender las mismas frases en presentación escrita. Los resultados de experiencias con niños que tienen dificultades para aprender a leer muestran que los problemas no son de naturaleza perceptivo-visual ni de organización del espacio, sino de nominación de configuraciones visuales. Examinamos enseguida las diferentes vías de acceso a los conocimientos lexicales del individuo, y en particular las dos vías posibles a partir de la representación escrita de la palabra: la vía directa y la vía indirecta o fonológica, y sus relaciones con el aprendizaje de la lectura. La idea de que los malos lectores son malos porque utilizan preferencialmente la vía fonológica puede ser eliminada. Los trabajos sugieren que, contrariamente a una opinión muy corriente, son los malos lectores los que tienen problemas para utilizar la vía indirecta. Finalmente, se discuten las relaciones posibles entre el análisis explícito de la palabra, la comprensión del código alfabético y el desarrollo de las vías de acceso al léxico interno a partir del texto.

Summary

The analysis of the reading act brings us to propose that learning to read consists into find a way to use the device initially developped to understand oral sentinas, to understand the same sentences in an orthographic representation. Experimental data obtained with children presenting reading acquisition troubles shows that their problems are neither visuo-perceptual nor spatial ones, but that they are related to naming visual patterns. We examine then the different ways allowing the subject to access to the lexical information he has stored in memory, and particularly, the two possible paths from the written representation of speech: the. direct and the indirect or phonological one, and their relationships with reading acquisition. The idea that poor readers are poor because they prefer the phonological pathway can be eliminated. The evidence suggest indeed that poor nadirs cannot adequatly use the phonological pathway. Finally we discuss the possible relations between the explicit analysis of speech, the understanding of the alphabetic principle and the development of the pathways to the lexicon from the orthographic representation of speech.

Our analysis of the reading act brings us to propose that learning to read consists in finding a way of using the device, initally developed to understand oral sentences, in an orthographic representation. Experimental data from children with difficulties in learning to read show that their problems are neither visuo-perceptual nor spatial, but related with naming visual patterns. We then examine students' different paths of accessing lexical information, specifically the two possible paths which the written representation of speech can take: the direct route, and the indirect or phonological route, and their relations with learning to read. The data does not support the notion that poor readers are so because they prefer the phonological route. Indeed, it suggests that the problem is that poor readers cannot adequately use the phonological route. Finally, the paper discusses possible relations between explicit speech analysis, understanding the alphabetic code, and developing internal lexical access routes from the text

Résumé

L'analyse l'acte de lecture nous mène à proposer que apprendre à lire consiste à découvrir la façon d'utiliser le dispositif initialement destiné à comprendre des phrases orales, pour comprendre les mêmes phrases présentées par écrit. Les résultats des expériences portant sur des enfants qui ont des difficultés pour apprendre à lire montrent que leurs problèmis ne sont pas de nature perceptivo-visuelle ni d'organisation de l'espace mais plutôt de nomination de configurations visuelles. Nous examinons ensuite les différentes voies d'accès aux connaissances lexicales du sujet et en particulier des deux voies possibles à partir de la représentation écrite de la parole: la voit directe et la voie indirecte ou phonologique, et leurs rapports avec l'apprentissage de la lecture. L'idée que les mauvais lecteurs seraient mauvais parce qu'ils utilisent préférentiellement la voie phonologique est écartée. Les travaux suggèrent que, contrairement à une idée très répandue, ce sont les mauvais lecteurs qui ont des problèmes avec la voie phonologique. Finalement nous discutons des rapports possibles entre l'analyse explicite de la parole, la compréhension du code alphabétique et le développement des voies iaccès au lexique au lexique à partir du texte.

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