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Studies in Psychology
Estudios de Psicología
Volume 11, 1990 - Issue 43-44
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MEMORIAS DE INVESTIGACION

“Ningún Iroqués era Mohicano”: La influencia del contenido en las tareas de razonamiento lógico

“No Iroquee was a Mohican”: The influence of content in logical reasoning tasks

Pages 35-60 | Published online: 29 Apr 2014
 

Resumen

Este estudio se centra en la influencia del contenido de la tarea en problemas de razonamiento deductivo. Se utilizaron cuatro tareas diferentes: de razonamiento proposicional, usando deferentes tipos de conectivas lógicas, silogismos lineales o series de tres términos, silogismos categoriales y la tarea selección de Wason. Para cada una de las tareas se diseñaron dos versiones: una con material temático concreto, diferente para cada tarea y una segunda versión con material abstracto, sin contenido temático concreto. Ambas versiones de la misma tarea eran isomóificas. Se administraron ambas versiones de las cuatro tareas, en el mismo orden comentado, a dos grupos de sujetos: un grupo realizó siempre primero la versión concreta y luego la abstracta y otro grupo realizó siempre la abstracta y después la concreta. Los sujetos fueron alumnos de enseñanza secundaria (3.er año), 37 y 38 sujetos respectivamente, con una media de edad de 17 años.

Los resultados confirman que no se produce un único efecto facilitador o dificultador del contenido. En una tarea la versión de contenido resulta más fácil, en otra más dificil y en otras dos no hay diferencias. El efecto mayor se produce en aquella tarea en que los sujetos parecen disponer de un «esquema de permiso» muy claro sobre el contenido temático de la tarea. Los resultados se interpretan en base a una hipótesis de doble procesamiento sintáctico y semántico. En cuanto al efecto facilitador del orden de presentación (abstracto-concreto; concreto-abstracto) los resultados indican que la versión concreta facilita la abstracta pero que la abstracta dificulta la ejecución en la concreta. Estos resultados irían en la línea de presuponer una primacía de procesamiento semántico sobre el sintáctico.

Abstract

This work focuses on the study of the task content influence in deductive reasoning problems. Four different tasks were utilized: propositional reasoning with different types of logical connectives, lineal silogisms or three terms series, categorial silogisms and the Wason selection task. Two versions were designed for each of the proofs: one version with concrete thematic material, different for each proof and another version with abstract material, without any concrete thematic content. Both versions of the same task were isomorphic. Both of them were administered for the four tasks, in the same order commented, to two groups of subjects: one group always performed first the concrete version and then the abstract one, and the other group always performed first the abstract and then the concrete one. The subjects were Secondary School pupils (3 year), 37 and 38 respectively, being the mean 17 years of age.

The results confirme that there is not a unique facilitative or difficultative effect produced by the content. In a task the content version is easier, in other more difficult and in the other two there are no differences. The greatest effect is m that task in which the subjects seem to have a very clear “permission scheme” about the thematic content of the task. The results were interpreted according to a double, syntactic and semantic, processing hypothesis. As for the facilitative effect of the presentation order (abstract-concrete; concrete-abstract) the results indicate that the concrete version facilitates the abstract one, but that the abstract makes the performance of the concrete one more difficult. These results would go on the line of presupposing a primacy of the semantic processing on the sintactic processing.

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