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Abstract
The cooperation between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) began with the establishment of dialogue relations between the two sides after the ending of the Cold War. In 1994, when the ASEAN Regional Forum was established, China was one of the founding members, marking the beginning of formal security cooperation between China and ASEAN. The decision to shift to cooperation/enhance willingness to cooperate was made by the two parties after taking stock of the international and regional situation and their respective interests in the wake of the collapse of the bipolar system. Security cooperation was driven by a consensus on seizing, creating and maintaining strategic opportunities; or more specifically, by taking advantage of development opportunities and striving to maintain regional stability in difficult situations, thus creating a peaceful and amicable strategic regional context for sustainable development. The core concept of China-ASEAN security cooperation is developmental peace, with the norms of cooperation being the ASEAN way, cooperative security, the new security concept and the Asian security concept. In practice, China-ASEAN security cooperation covers three dimensions—strategic stability, management and control of high tension issues, and practical cooperation. New opportunities and challenges are emerging in the new era for China-ASEAN security cooperation. Fundamentally speaking, the two sides need to strive for the goal of building an ASEAN community and a China-ASEAN community with a shared future and to properly coordinate the strategic positioning of the long-term core interests of both parties.
Notes
1 Premier Li Keqiang said, “China is ready to take the 30th anniversary as an opportunity to upgrade bilateral relations to a ‘comprehensive strategic partnership.”” Li Keqiang, “Speech at the 23rd China-ASEAN Leaders” Meeting.”
2 Peter J. Katzenstein, “Introduction: Alternative Perspectives on National Security,” p. 9.
3 “Plan of Action to Implement the ASEAN-China Strategic Partnership for Peace and Prosperity (2021-2025).”
4 Report of the ASEAN-China Eminent Persons Group.
5 Fu Ying and Wu Shicun, “South China Sea: How We Got to This Stage.”
6 Kishore Mahbubani and Jeffery Sng, The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace, p. 99.
7 Compilation Team, Essentials of Deng Xiaoping Thought on Diplomacy, pp. 127-130.
8 Deng Xiaoping, Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, vol. 3, pp. 353-369.
9 Kishore Mahbubani and Jeffery Sng, The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace, pp. 69-74.
10 ASEAN Regional Forum, “Chairman”s Statement: The First ASEAN Regional Forum.”
11 Xinhua News Agency, China Newsletter, quoted in Nobuo Terao, “Countries, Ethnicities, Regions and Japan-US Relations in the Asia-Pacific: Centered on the Process of Establishing the ASEAN Regional Forum,” p. 8.
12 Yang Jiemian, “The Global Strategy of the United States and China”s ‘Period of Historic Opportunities,”” pp. 11-15.
13 Jiang Zemin, “Build a Moderately Prosperous Society in an All-Round Way and Create a New Situation in Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: Report to the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (November 8, 2002),” p. 19.
14 Ibid., pp. 47-48.
15 David Shambaugh, “China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order,” pp. 64-99.
16 Kishore Mahbubani and Jeffery Sng, The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace, pp. 99-100.
17 Luo Jie, “Good Neighbors Make Great Neighborhoods: Interview with Fu Ying, Director-General of the Asia Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the 10+1 and 10+3 Leaders” Meeting,” p. 10.
18 Zhai Kun, “A Brief Review of China”s Accession to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia,” pp. 36-37; see also Takashi Terada, “Forming an East Asian Community: A Site for Japan-China Power Struggles,” pp. 5-17.
19 Wei Ling, “Striving for Achievement in a New Era: China Debates Its Global Role.”
20 “Proposals of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 12th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development.”
21 Li Keqiang, “Speech at the 17th China-ASEAN (10+1) Leaders” Meeting.”
22 Lee Hsien Loong, “The Endangered Asian Century: America, China and the Perils of Confrontation.”
23 Ibid.
24 Ministry of National Defense of the People”s Republic of China, “China-ASEAN Security Cooperation: Consensus Leads to Action and Action Promotes Security.”
25 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the 17th China-ASEAN Expo and Business and Investment Summit.”
26 Amitav Acharya, “Ideas, Identity, and Institution-building: From the ‘ASEAN Way” to the ‘Asia-Pacific Way?””, pp. 319-346; Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (2nd ed.), Chapter 2.
27 Noordin Sopiee, “ASEAN towards 2020: Strategic Goals and Critical Pathways.”
28 Amitav Acharya, “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism,” pp. 239-275; Whose Ideas Matter? Agency and Power in Asian Regionalism, Chapter 5.
29 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People”s Republic of China, “China”s Position Paper on the New Security Concept.”
30 Wei Ling, “Developmental Peace in East Asia and Its Implications for the Indo-Pacific,” pp. 189-209.
31 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People”s Republic of China, “China”s Position Paper on Enhanced Cooperation in the Field of Non-Traditional Security Issues”; “Joint Declaration of ASEAN and China on Cooperation in the Field of Non-traditional Security Issues.”
32 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, “Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of the Member Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Government of the People”s Republic of China on Cooperation in the Field of Non-traditional Security Issues”; Governments of the Member Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Government of the People”s Republic of China, “2009 Memorandum of Understanding between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Government of the People”s Republic of China on Cooperation in the Field of Non-traditional Security Issues,” signed in Siem Reap, Cambodia, November 18, 2009; Association of Southeast Asian Nations, “Plan of Action for the Memorandum of Understanding between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Government of the People”s Republic of China on Cooperation in the Field of Non-Traditional Security Issues,” Bali, Indonesia, October 12, 2011; Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Government of the People”s Republic of China, “2017 Memorandum of Understanding between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Government of the People”s Republic of China on Cooperation in the Field of Non-traditional Security Issues,” adopted in Manila, the Philippines, September 21, 2017; The State Council Information Office of the People”s Republic of China, “China”s Policies on Asia-Pacific Security Cooperation.”
33 ASEAN Regional Forum, Annual Security Outlook 2020.