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Original Articles

VVNC in Kamituumbi and Kikongo

Pages 159-165 | Received 01 Apr 1990, Published online: 24 Oct 2012
 

Abstract

Vowels before NC sequences in Bantu languages are often long. In certain languages, morphophonemic length alternations provide support for a synchronic rule turning VNC into VVNC; in other languages, we find root-internal VVNC, but no length alternations which directly support a lengthening rule. The question arises whether, in such languages, vowel length before tautomorphemic NC is governed by phonological rule or by redundancy statement on underlying forms. In this study Kikongo and Kimatuumbi are compared on this point. It is shown that the languages are alike in having root-internal VVNC, but no direct vowel length alternations. However, these languages give different solutions to the redundancy problem. In Kimatuumbi vowels are simply redundantly long within roots before NC clusters. In Kikongo, analysis of tonal alternations demonstrates that long vowels before NC derive from underlying short vowels. Owing to borrowing, there are many stems in Kikongo where short vowels survive before NC, a fact which on the surface weighs against any rule lengthening vowels before NC. However, a study of tone rules shows that at some level of analysis, C[Vacute]C[Vacute] and C[Vacute][Vacute]NC[Vacute] nouns are prosodically equivalent, in contrast to C[Vacute][Vacute]C[Vacute] The evidence for treating Kikongo VVNC as deriving from VNC therefore comes from a relatively abstract property of tones in the language, namely, how adjacent identical tones are represented. Thus the system of rules points to a different analysis than would be constructed solely on the basis of surface contrasts. What must be remembered is that a child learning Kikongo has access not just to surface patterns, but must construct a grammar accounting for all of the data, including tone alternations which may reveal something quite at variance with surface observations.

Voor nasaal-konsonant-(NK)-reekse is die vokaal in Bantoetale normaalweg lank. In sommige Bantoetale is daar variasies in morfofonemiese lengte wat 'n sinchronies-fonologiese reël onderskryf, naamlik dat die reeks vokaal-nasaal-konsonant (VNK) verander na VVNK. In ander tale weer, word daar in woordkerns met die struktuur VVNK geen substansiële bewyse gevind wat die verlengingsreël direk steun nie. Die vraag ontstaan of vokaallengte in dergelike tale voor toutomorfiese NK-reekse deur 'n fonologiese reël beheer word, of dalk deur 'n oortolligheidsreël in die onderliggende struktuur. In hierdie bydrae word Kikongo en Kimatuumbi wat dit betref vergelyk. Daar word aangetoon dat, ofskoon dié tale in woordkerns die struktuur VVNK vertoon, daar tog onopsigtelike variasies in vokaallengte voorkom. Gevolglik bied hierdie tale uiteenlopende oplossings aan vir die probleem rakende die oortolligheidsbeginsel. In Kimatuumbi is vokale gewoon lank wanneer hulle voor NK-reekse in woordwortels voorkom. In Kikongo dui tonologiese ontledings daarop dat lang vokale voor NK-reekse teruggevoer behoort te word na kort vokale in die onderliggende struktuur. Verskeie woordstamme bestaan in Kikongo waarin kort vokale voor NK-reekse behoue bly. Oppervlakkig gesien, weerspreek hierdie feite die reël waarvotaens vokale voor NK-reekse lengte behoort te hê. Tog dui tonologiese analises daarop dat K[Vacute]K[Vacute]—enK[Vacute][Vacute]N[Vacute]-naamwoorde wat huile afleidingsverband vanuit die onderliggende struktuur betref, prosodies ekwivalent is. Dit staan in skrille kontras met K[Vacute][Vacute]K[Vacute]-naamwoorde. Dat Kikongo se VVNK-strukture dus afgelei word van VNK-strukture, word daarom deur 'n betreklik abstrakte tonologiese eienskap gerugsteun, naamlik die wyse waarop identiese tone wat aan mekaar grens reali-seer. 'n Ontleding van die reëlsisteem dui dus op 'n alternatiewe analise wat suiwer op oppervlakte-opposisies gebaseer is. Die volgendo moet in gedagte gehou word: 'n Kind wat Kikongo aanleer doen dit nie slegs in terme van oppervlaktestrukture nie, maar in terme van 'n onderliggende reëlsisteem waarvolgens alle feite verantwoordbaar behoort te wees. Dit veronderstel 'n onderliggende toonsisteem wat onbegryplik sal bly as daar net opoppervlakteverskynselsgekonsentreerword.

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