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Abstract
Following an environmental infertility crisis, guano fertilisation became an important part of Cape colonial agriculture in the nineteenth century. Collected from various offshore islands, guanopreneurs initially exported the product directly to its main markets in Europe and America. Because of a strong local demand for state-subsidised guano, a central storage facility for mixing and dispatch was established in Cape Town in 1890. In addition, a number of guano depots were established in the principal wheat-growing areas of the Colony. Because of guano’s obnoxious smell and the dust created by its mixing, it soon acquired status as an urban nuisance at a time that fear of miasmic diseases persisted. Urban dwellers with a heightened awareness of plagues and other infectious diseases also demanded the removal and closure of the various storage facilities. Farmers naturally resisted this call as contrary to their interests and forced the Cape government and legislature as the owners of the guano stores and the elected representatives of all citizens, to mediate. This article traces the discourse, compromises, convergence and resolution of the issues against the background of the struggle for a proper public health system.
Notes
1 G.J. Leigh, The World’s Greatest Fix: A History of Nitrogen and Agriculture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 5; 13, 52.
2 S. Halliday, ‘Death and Miasma in Victorian London: An Obstinate Belief’, British Medical Journal, 323 (22–29 December 2001), 1469.
3 K. McKenzie, ‘“Franklins of the Cape”: The South African Commercial Advertiser and the Creation of a Colonial Public Sphere, 1824–1854’, Kronos, no. 25, Pre-millennium issue (1998/1999), 88–102.
4 See e.g. W.M. Mathew, ‘A Primitive Export Sector: Guano Production in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Peru’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 9, 1 (1977), 35–57; J.P. Olinger, ‘The Guano Age in Peru’, History Today, 30 (June 1980), 13–18; J.M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (St Martin’s Press, 1994); H. Snyders and S. Swart, ‘“Discontented scoundrels who crowd the mercantile marine today”: Labour Relations Regimes of the Cape and Ichaboe Guano Trade, c. 1843–1898’, Historia, 58, 1 (May 2013), 51–73.
5 See e.g. P.J. Bridge, ‘Guano Minerals from Murra-el-elevyn Cave, Western Australia’, Mineralogical Magazine, 39 (1973), 467–469; C. Buliga, ‘Guano Exploitation in Madagascar’, Study Project (ISP) Collection. Paper 904 (2010), http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/904, accessed 1 September 2016); J.W. Simons, ‘Guano Mining in Kenyan Lava Tunnel Caves”, International Journal of Speleology, 27 B / 1/4, (1988), 33–51; E.F. Frank, ‘History of the Guano Mining Industry, Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico’, Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 60, 2 (1998), 121–125.
6 K.J. Waite, ‘Blackley and the Development of Hay Fever as a Disease of Civilization in the Nineteenth Century’, Medical History, 39, 2 (1995).
7 C. Meisner Rosen, ‘Businessmen Against Pollution in Late Nineteenth Century Chicago’, The Business History Review, 69, 3 (1995).
8 B. Luckin. ‘“The Heart and Home of Horror”: The Great London Fogs of the Late Nineteenth Century’, Social History, 28, 1 (2003): 31–48.
9 D.O. Baldwin, ‘The Campaign Against Odors: Sanitarians and the Genesis of Public Health in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (1855–1900)’, Scientia Canadensis: Canadian Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, 10. 1 (1986).
10 C.Y. Chiang, ‘Monterey-by-the-Smell: Odors and Social Conflict on the California Coastline’, Pacific Historical Review, 73, 2 (2004), 183–214.
11 M.E. Meadows, ‘Soil Erosion in the Swartland, Western Cape Province, South Africa: Implications of Past and Present Policy and Practice’, Environmental Science & Policy, 6, 1 (2003), 17–28.
12 A.J. Christopher, ‘Land Policy in Southern Africa during the Nineteenth Century’, Zambezia, 2, 1 (1971), 3.
13 K. Brown. ‘Agriculture in the Natural World: Progressivism, Conservation and the State. The Case of the Cape Colony in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries’, Kronos, 29 (2003), 109–110.
14 L. Van Sittert, ‘“The seeds blows about in every breeze”: Noxious Weed Eradication in the Cape Colony, 1860–1909’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 26, 4 (2000), 656–657.
15 B. Nasson, ‘Sheep, Soil and Stability’, South African Journal of Science, 106, 3/4 (2010).
16 Van Sittert, ‘The Seeds Blows About’, 662.
17 R. Grove. ‘Scottish Missionaries, Evangelical Discourses and the Origins of Conservation Thinking in Southern Africa 1820–1900’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 15, 2, (1989), 165, 175.
18 E. Rosenthal, ‘The Story of Fison Albatross in South Africa’, Unpublished manuscript (1955), 5.
19 G. Verhoef, L. Greyling, and J. Mwamba, ‘A Historical Analysis of the Relationship between Savings and Economic Growth in the Cape Colony Economy, 1850–1909’, Munich Personal RePEc Archive (hereafter MPRA), 22 June 2013, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/47819/, accessed 1 June 2015.
20 R. Ross. ‘The Relative Importance of Exports and the Internal Market for the Agriculture of the Cape Colony, 1770–1855’, in G. Liesegang; H. Pasch, and A. Jones, eds, Proceedings of the Symposium on the Quantification and Structure if the Import and Export and Long-distance Trade of Africa in the 19th Century (c. 1800–1913) (St Augustine, 3–6 January 1983), 259.
21 Grove, ‘Scottish Missionaries, Evangelical Discourses’, 164.
22 The actual tonnage for the year was as follows: 47,603 bushels of wheat; 269,467 barrels of flour; 954 bushels of barley; and 3,935 bushels of oats. See also KAB: Official Publications of the Cape Colony (hereafter AMPT PUBS), CCP 2/2/1/2 C.6 (hereafter C.6–1865): Printed Paper of the Legislative Council, Cape of Good Hope: Return specifying the quantities of wheat, flour, barley, and oats imported into this Colony from 1st January, 1861 to 31st December 1864, etc.
23 C. Bundy, ‘Vagabond Hollanders and Runaway Englishmen: White Poverty in the Cape before Poor Whiteism’, Working Paper, Southern Africa Labour & Development Research Unit, http://opensaldru.uct.ac.za/handle/11090/222, accessed 10 January 2016.
24 S. Szreter. ‘Rapid Economic Growth and “the Four Ds” of Disruption, Deprivation, Disease and Death: Public Health Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Britain for Twenty-First-Century China?’, Tropical Medicine & International Health, 4, 2 (1999), 147.
25 S. Archer. ‘Technology and Ecology in the Karoo: A Century of Windmills, Wire and Changing Farming Practice’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 26, 4 (2000), 680.
26 Van Sittert, ‘The Seeds Blows About’, 666.
27 J. Goodman, ‘Guano Happens (Sometimes)’, Geographical (November 2006), 41; J.R. McNeill and V. Winiwarter, ‘Breaking the Sod: Humankind, History, and Soil’, Science, 304 (2004), 1628.
28 H. Snyders, ‘From Peru to Ichaboe: The Dynamics of a Shifting Guano Frontier, 1840–5’, African Historical Review, 48, 2 (2016), 1–23.
29 E. Rosenthal, Stars and Stripes in Africa (Cape Town: National Books, 1968), 65.
30 See for example the testimonies contained in the report of the Select Committee on the Workings of the Guano Islands in both 1861 and 1899: KAB: AMPT PUB, SC. A. 11–’61: Testimony of R.P. Dobie: 71 & 73; KAB: AMPT PUB, SC. A.30–’99: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee on the Workings of the Guano Islands: Testimony of Charles Curry, 8.
31 KAB: AMPT PUB, SC. A. 11–’61: Testimony of T. Boyce, 12.
32 J.L. Meltzer, ‘The Growth of Cape Town Commerce and the Role of John Fairbairn’s Advertiser (1835–1859)’ (MA thesis [Economic History], Faculty of Arts, University of Cape Town, March 1989), 116.
33 L. van Sittert, ‘Historical Reconstruction of Guano Production on the Namibian Islands 1843–1895’, South African Journal of Science, 99 (2003), 14.
34 KAB, AMPT PUBS, CCP A.39, Printed Paper of the House of Assembly, Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee on the Guano Islands, October 1899 (hereafter A.39–’99 Guano Islands), 25–26.
35 Ibid.
36 M. George, ‘John Bardwell Ebden: His Business and Political Career at the Cape, 1806–1849’ (MA thesis [History], University of Cape Town, 1980), 104.
37 H. Giliomee, ‘Aspects of the Rise of Afrikaner Capital and Afrikaner Nationalism in the Western Cape, 1870–1915’, in W.G James and M. Simons, eds, The Angry Divide: Social and Economic History of the Western Cape (Cape Town: David Phillip, 1989), 65.
38 T. Kirk, ‘The Cape Economy and the Expropriation of the Kat River Settlement, 1846–53’, in S. Marks and A. Atmore, eds, Economy and Society in Pre-industrial South Africa (London: Longman, 1980), 237.
39 A. Mabin, ‘The Underdevelopment of the Western Cape’, in James, Wilmot Godfrey, and Mary Simons, eds, The Angry Divide: Social and Economic History of the Western Cape (Cape Town: New Africa Books, 1989), 84.
40 M.A.S. Grundlingh, ‘The Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope with Special Reference to Party Politics, 1872 to 1919’, Archives Year Book for South African History (Pretoria: Government Printer, 1969), 184.
41 T.H.R. Davenport and C. Saunders, South Africa: A Modern History, 5th edn (Longman: London, 2000), 108.
42 Giliomee, ‘Aspects of the Rise of Afrikaner Capital’, 69.
43 Ibid., 75
44 KAB: Cape of Good Hope (COGH): Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Council, 2 July 1889.
45 L. Greyling and G. Verhoef, ‘Slow Growth, Supply Shocks, and Structural Change: The GDP of the Cape Colony in the Late Nineteenth Century’, Economic History of Developing Regions, 30, 1 (2015), 17.
46 S. Judges, ‘Poverty, Living Conditions and Social Relations: Aspects of Life in Cape Town in the 1830s’ (MA (History) diss., University of Cape Town, July 1977), 3.
47 P. de Zwart, ‘Real Wages at the Cape of Good Hope: A Long-Term Perspective, 1652–1912’, paper presented at Stellenbosch: Economic Society of South Africa conference (2011), 9–14.
48 H. Deacon, ‘The Chronic Sick on Robben Island 1846–1892’, in Collected Seminar Papers. Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 48 (Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 1994), 63.
49 R. Ross, ‘Montagues Road to Capitalism: The Distribution of Landed Property in the Cape Colony, 1845’, in Collected Seminar Papers of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London, The Societies of Southern Africa in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, vol. 16 (1990), 149.
50 D. Warren, ‘Merchants, Commissioners and Wardmasters: Municipal Politics in Cape Town, 1840–54’, (M.A. thesis (History), University of Cape Town, 1986), 235.
51 Szreter, ‘Rapid Economic Growth’, 148–149.
52 M.W. Swanson, ‘The Sanitation Syndrome: Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in the Cape Colony, 1900–1909’, The Journal of African History, 18, 3 (1977), 392.
53 G.C. Cook, ‘Construction of London’s Victorian Sewers: The Vital Role of Joseph Bazalgette’, Postgraduate Medical Journal, 77 (2001), 802.
54 See articles in the Zuid Afrikaan, 1 May 1840 and the Commercial Advertiser, 6 May 1840 quoted in Judges, ‘Poverty, Living and Social Relations’, 61.
55 See e.g. D.O. Baldwin, ‘The Campaign Against Odors: Sanitarians and the Genesis of Public Health in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (1855–1900)’, Scientia Canadensis: Canadian Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, 10, 1 (1986); D.S. Barnes, The Great Stink of Paris and the Nineteenth-Century Struggle against Filth and Germs (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006); N.J. Ciecieznski, ‘The Stench of Disease: Public Health and the Environment in Late-Medieval English Towns and Cities’, Health, Culture and Society, 4, 1 (2013), 92.
56 I. Morley, ‘City Chaos, Contagion, Chadwick, and Social Justice’, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 80 (2007), 63.
57 H. Mäki, ‘Comparing Developments in Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Health in Four South African Cities, 1840–1920’, Historia, 55, 1 (2010), 91.
58 P.M. Kurtz, ‘Nineteenth Century Anti-Entrepreneurial Nuisance Injunctions: Avoiding the Chancellor’, William & Mary Law Review, 17, 4 (1976), 622, http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol17/iss4/2, accessed 1 April 2017.
59 J. Guillemin, ‘Miasma, Malaria and Method’, Molecular Interventions, 1, 5 (2001), 246.
60 Morley, ‘City Chaos’, 62.
61 E.B. Van Heyningen, ‘Agents of Empire: The Medical Profession in the Cape Colony, 1880–1910’, Medical History, 33 (1989), 458–460.
62 Morley, ‘City Chaos’, 64.
63 T. Koch, ‘Mapping the Miasma: Air, Health, and Place in Early Medical Mapping’, Cartographic Perspectives, no. 52 (Fall 2005), 4–5.
64 KAB, AMPT PUBS, Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Public Health Bill, July 1894: Minutes of Evidence (forthwith A.3–’94), Testimony of Dr Charles Frederick Kennan Murray, 7 June 1894, 55, 67.
65 E.B. Van Heyningen. Public Health and Society in Cape Town 1880–1910, 123.
66 Baldwin, ‘The Campaign against Odors’, 73–78.
67 Morley, ‘City Chaos, Contagion, Chadwick’, 71.
68 Warren, ‘Merchants, Commissioners and Wardmasters’, 101, 107.
69 KAB: Colonial Office (CO), 4004:95, Memorial received: Messrs. Chiappini and Ansdell on behalf of the inhabitants of Cape Town: Permission to convene a public meeting in the Commercial Hall for the purpose of taking into consideration the present state of Cape Town with respect to health and cleanliness, 1840.
70 ‘Food Cheaper Than Manure’, The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser (New South Wales), 22 January 1848.
71 See for example ‘Effluvia from Guano’, Port Phillip Patriot and Melbourne Advertiser (Victoria), 2 September 1845 and a similarly titled report in the New Zealand Spectator and Cooke’s Strait Guardian, 1 November 1845.
72 ‘Nuisances’, The Sydney Morning Herald (New South Wales), 15 December 1846.
73 ‘The Depot at Parkside’, The Age (Melbourne, Victoria), 22 January 1856.
74 KAB AMPT PUBS CCP8/1/51: Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette No. 2619, Friday 8 June 1855.
75 KAB: CCP: Acts of Parliament: Legislative Council, 6/2/1/1: Act No. 1 OF 1856: An Act for Preventing the Spread of Contagious or Infectious Diseases, 4 June 1856.
76 Van Heyningen, ‘Agents of Empire’, 450.
77 KAB: Government House (GH), 23/26: 45: Papers Despatched to the Secretary of State: General Despatches Public Nuisances and Other Mischiefs of a Public Nature, 1855.
78 Van Heyningen, Public Health and Society, 111–112.
79 KAB CCP 1/2/2/1/4: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee (SC) appointed to inquire into The Sanitary State of Cape Town (SC.7 of 1857): Testimony of Dr Laing, Officer of Health, Medical Inspector of Prisons and Workhouses, 18 May 1857: 44–48.
80 KAB CCP 1/2/2/1/4: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee (SC) appointed to inquire into The Sanitary State of Cape Town (SC.7 of 1857): Testimony of James Cameron, City Engineer, 12 May 1857, 14.
81 KAB CCP 1/2/2/1/4: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee (SC) appointed to inquire into The Sanitary State of Cape Town (SC.7 of 1857). Testimony of Dr. Bickersteth, Surgeon-in-Charge, Somerset Hospital, 18 May 1857, 24–28.
82 KAB CCP AMPT PUBS 1/2/2/1/24: A. 19–’77: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee to consider and report on the Sanitary Arrangements of Municipalities, July 1877: Cape Town, Saul Solomon.
83 KAB CCP AMPT PUBS 1/2/2/1/24: A. 19–’77: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee to consider and report on the Sanitary Arrangements of Municipalities, July 1877. Testimony of Dr Ebden, 12 July 1877, 10.
84 KAB CCP AMPT PUBS 1/2/2/1/24: A. 19–’77: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee to consider and report on the Sanitary Arrangements of Municipalities, July 1877. Testimony of Dr Herman, 12 July 1977, 16–21.
85 KAB CCP AMPT PUBS 1/2/2/1/24: A. 19–’77: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee to consider and report on the Sanitary Arrangements of Municipalities, July 1877. Testimony of Dr JP Landsberg, 16 July 1877, 53–54.
86 Ibid.
87 KAB CCP AMPT PUBS 1/2/2/1/24: A. 19–’77: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee to consider and report on the Sanitary Arrangements of Municipalities, July 1877. Testimony of Dr Ross, Member of the Cape Town Medical Council, 16 July 1877, 59–65.
88 KAB CCP AMPT PUBS 1/2/2/1/24: A. 19–’77: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee to consider and report on the Sanitary Arrangements of Municipalities, July 1877. Testimony by Dr Ebden, Chairman of the Medical Board of Cape Town, 10 July 1877.
89 KAB, Official Publications (AMT PUB) (A. 4–’78), Select Committee on Rogge Bay Nuisance–Minutes of Evidence. Testimony of Dr A. Abercromby, 29 June 1878.
90 KAB, Official Publications (AMT PUB) (A. 4–’78), Select Committee on Rogge Bay Nuisance–Minutes of Evidence. Testimony of Dr Klaverwyden, 6 July 1878.
91 J. Beattie, ‘Imperial Landscapes of Health: Place, Plants, and People between India and Australia, 1800–1900s’, Health and History, 14, 1 (2012) 109.
92 B.M. Bennett, ‘A Global History of Australian Trees’, Journal of the History of Biology, 44 (2011) 126–130.
93 B.M. Bennett, ‘The El Dorado of Forestry: The Eucalyptus in India, South Africa, and Thailand, 1850–2000’, International Review of Social History 55 (2010), 32.
94 See KAB: CCP Cape of Good Hope; Report of the Select Committee (SC) appointed by the House of Assembly for the Purposes of Considering and Reporting upon certain Petition relative to a change in the Municipal Ordinance (SC2-58). Testimony of Ewan Christian, 25 April 1858: 1–3 and the Testimony of John Stein, 25 April 1858, 10.
95 Kurtz, ‘Nineteenth Century Anti-Entrepreneurial Nuisance Injunctions’, 623.
96 KAB, Official Publications (AMT PUB) (A. 4–’78), Select Committee on Rogge Bay Nuisance - Minutes of Evidence. Testimony of JA Roos, 22 June 1878.
97 KAB CCP 1/2/2/1/4: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee (SC) appointed to inquire into The Sanitary State of Cape Town (SC.7 of 1857). Testimony of the Attorney-General of the Cape Colony, 19 May 1857, 58–63.
98 KAB, Official Publications (AMT PUB) (A. 4–’78), Select Committee on Rogge Bay Nuisance: Minutes of Evidence. Testimony of C. Arnold, 6 July 1878.
99 KAB, Official Publications (AMT PUB) (A. 4–’78), Select Committee on Rogge Bay Nuisance: Minutes of Evidence: Appendix ‘A’. Petition to the Speaker and Members of the Honourable House of Assembly.
100 Van Heyningen, Public Health and Society, 471
101 KAB, Official Publications (AMT PUB) (A. 16–’79), Select Committee on the Public Health Bill Minutes of Evidence. Testimony of H.A. Ebden, 5 August 1879.
102 Van Heyningen, ‘Agents of Empire’, 465.
103 Swanson, ‘The Sanitation Syndrome’, 387–410.
104 Van Heyningen. Public Health and Society, 280.
105 KAB, Department of Public Works (PWD) 2/1/52: B30, Under Secretary for Agriculture - Secretary for Public Works, 22 January 1896.
106 Deacon, ‘The Chronic Sick’, 62–75.
107 B. Kearney, ‘“Keep Your Town Sweet and Wholesome”: The Inspector of Nuisances: A Narrative of Culture and Sanitation in Nineteenth-Century Durban’, Historia, 57, 1 (2012), 56.
108 KAB, AMPT PUBS, CCP 1/2/2/1/43: Cape of Good Hope: Report of the Select Committee on the Public Health Bill, Minutes of Evidence, July 1894 (forthwith A.3–’94), Testimony by Dr A. Eddington, 5 June 1894, 2.
109 KAB, CO, 2207: 871, Superintendent: Breakwater Convict Station: Secretary to the Law Department, 21 September 1894.
110 H. Snyders. ‘Profits, Harvests or Public Revenue? Divergent Interests and Guano Fertiliser Struggles in the Cape Colony; c.1872–1910’, Historia, 60, 2 (2015), 175.
111 KAB, PWD, 2/1/52: B.30; J. Sivewright: Secretary for Agriculture, 5 November 1896.
112 KAB, PWD, 2/1/52: B.30; Lewis Mansergh: Secretary of the Table Bay Harbour Board, 7 November 1896.
113 KAB, PWD, 2/1/52: B.30; Chief Inspector Public Works: Secretary for Public Works, 2 February 1898.
114 KAB: AMPT PUBS: CCP 1/2/1/121: Report of the Superintendent of the Government Guano Islands, Year 1902; (G.17–1903).
115 KAB, Lands of the Cape Colony (LND) 1/775: L13180, Secretary for Public Works: Under Secretary for Agriculture, 24 August 1900.
116 KAB, PWD, 2/1/69: A54, Office of the Chief Inspector of Public Works: The Secretary for Public Works, 7 August 1902.
117 KAB, Office of the Attorney General (AG) 1591:3238; Medical Officer of Health for the Colony: Superintendent of the Guano Islands, 4 May 1905.
118 KAB, 3/Worcester Municipality (WOC): 4/1/1/1: Ex parte: Worcester Municipality: Case for Opinion, 1904.
119 KAB, 3/WOC: 4/1/1/1: F. Lindenberg (Town Clerk): General Manager Railways, 1 March 1904.
120 KAB, 3/WOC: 4/1/1/1: General Manager: Railways: The Mayor: Worcester, 3 March 1904.
121 KAB, 3/WOC: 4/1/1/1: General Manager: Railways: F. Lindenberg (Town Clerk), 10 May 1904.
122 KAB, 3/WOC: 4/1/1/1: F. Lindenberg (Town Clerk): General Manager Railways, 5 May 1904.
123 KAB, 3/WOC: 4/1/1/1: Ex parte: Worcester Municipality: Case for Opinion, 1904.
124 Ibid.
125 KAB, 3/WOC: 4/1/1/1: Opinion: H. Juta, 16 May 1904.
126 KAB, 3/City of Cape Town (forthwith CT): D117, Evidence: J. Corben, 3 March 1905.
127 KAB, 3/CT: D117. Evidence: Stephen S.W.S. Morris, 3 March 1905.
128 KAB, 3/CT: D117. A. Jasper Anderson: Medical Officer of Health: Inspector of Police, 3 March 1905.
129 KAB, 3/CT: D117. J. Corben: Capt. C.H. Jackson, 7 February 1905.
130 KAB, 3/CT: D117. J & H. Reid & Nephew - The Sanitary Superintendent, 18 February 1905.
131 KAB, 3/CT: D117. A. Jasper Anderson: Medical Officer of Health: Messrs. Reid & Nephew, 20 February 1905.
132 KAB, 3/CT: D117. A. Jasper Anderson: Medical Officer of Health: The Inspector of Police, 3 March 1905
133 KAB, 3/CT: D117. AM Crawford: Acting Commissioner, Urban Police District: The Town Clerk, Corporation of the City of Cape Town, 8 March 1905.
134 KAB, 3/CT: D117. A. Jasper Anderson: Medical Officer of Health: J.R. Finch; Town Clerk, 11 March 1905.
135 KAB, 3/CT: D117. Superintendent of Government Islands: The Town Clerk, 22 March 1905.
136 KAB, 3/CT: D117. A. Jasper Anderson: Medical Officer of Health: J.R. Finch, Town Clerk, 29 April 1905.
137 KAB, 3/CT: D117. Town Clerk: Superintendent of Government Guano Islands, 8 April 1905.
138 KAB, AG 1591: 3238. Medical Officer of Health for the Colony: Superintendent of the Guano Islands, 4 May 1905.
139 C. Meisner Rosen, ‘Knowing Industrial Pollution: Nuisance Law and the Power of Tradition in a Time of Rapid Economic Change, 1840–1864’, Environmental History, 8, 4 (2003), 574–575.
140 KAB, AG 1591: 3238. Report of the Attorney-General, 26 May 1905.
141 KAB, 3/CT: D117. Messrs. Fairbridge, Aderne & Lawton on behalf of City Council of Cape Town, 6 June 1905.
142 KAB, 3/CT: D117. Messrs. Fairbridge, Aderne & Lawton: Town Clerk, 23 June 1905.
143 KAB, PWD, 2/2/42: B.33/1. F. Grace – J. Van Zyl, 13 May 1905.
144 KAB, PWD, 2/2/42: B.33/1. Under Secretary for Agriculture: Secretary for Public Works, 10 July 1905.
145 KAB, 3/CT: D117. Town Clerk: City Engineer, 17 October 1905.
146 KAB, PWD, 2/2/42: B.33/1. A. Howard: Chief Architect, 9 May 1906.
147 KAB, PWD, 2/2/42: B.33/1. Divisional Engineer: Chief Engineer, 11 August 1906.
148 C.A. Velis; D.C. Wilson, and C.R. Cheeseman. ‘Nineteenth-Century London Dust-Yards: A Case Study in Closed-Loop Resource Efficiency’, Waste Management, 29 (2009), 1285.