Systems evolution, structures of long‐waves, and systems management

Abstract

By classifying the evolution of systems into inter‐level evolution and intra‐level evolution and dividing the intra‐level evolution into four stages which are interrelated but quite different from each other, we discuss structures of several typical systems long‐waves, and strategies of systems management.

Keywords:

• inter‐level evolution
• intra‐level evolution
• ordered equilibrium structure
• quasi‐equilibrium structure
• dissipative structure
• chaotic structure
• management of social systems