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Abstract
Our current educational systems reflect forms of thinking and organizing that are not appropriate for the twenty-first century. New transdisciplinary educational approaches should integrate complexity, creativity, and an awareness of the most recent developments in the sciences.
Notes
1Murray Gell-Mann (1929) is an American physicist known for his contribution to the development of the concept of quarks. In 1984, he founded the Institute for the study of Complex Systems at Santa Fè.
2Gregory Bateson (1904–1980) was an anthropologist, philosopher, and researcher in cybernetics. Among those texts referring to his theory of play are: Bateson (Citation1956, 1972, 1979); Bateson and Donaldson (Citation1991); Bateson and Bateson (Citation2005).
3Gilbert Simondon (1924–1989) was a French philosopher. Well-known for his theory on individualization, cornerstone of his research (see Simondon Citation1964, 1989, 2008).
4In this context, the process of individualization is dated back to the Enlightenment, but this is merely for the purposes of the argument. In reality, the freedom/safety dialectic would appear to have accompanied humanity from the very beginning. We can see this from some of our ancestral myths: from that of Prometheus to that of the forbidden fruit. Freedom and overstepping the limits cost the anger and loss of divine protection.