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Articles

The use of negotiation strategies among recreational participants with different involvement levels: the case of recreational swimmers

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Pages 299-317 | Received 23 Jun 2010, Accepted 19 Jan 2012, Published online: 03 Apr 2012
 

Abstract

This paper is aimed to segment recreational swimmers according to their involvement level, profile the involvement groups according to demographic variables, and further test the role of negotiation strategies in the development of swimming involvement. Two hundred and sixty (N = 260) recreational swimmers participated in the study and completed Kyle et al.'s three-facet involvement scale and Alexandris et al.’s five-dimension leisure negotiation scale. The results of cluster analysis revealed three distinct involvement groups: high, medium and low involved recreational swimmers. The high involved group consisted mainly of females, middle-aged and married individuals; the medium involved group did not have a clear demographic profile, while the low involved group consisted mainly of males and young individuals. The three involvement groups had statistical significant scores in all the five negotiation strategy dimensions, with the high involved individuals having the highest scores and the low involved individuals having the lowest ones. These results provide empirical support for the negotiation proposition, which was developed by Jackson, Crawford, and Godbey. They further contribute to the existing leisure literature by showing how demographic segmentation can be used in combination with psychographic variables in order to profile groups of participants.

该文章旨在根据娱乐游泳者的参与程度来将他们分区, 根据人口可变因素来将参与组作记录, 并且测试谈判战略在游泳参与发展中的作用。260个 (N= 260) 娱乐游泳者参与在该研究中, 并且完成了Kyle和其他作者的三面参与标准, 和Alexandris和其他作者的五方面休闲谈判标准。 聚类分析的结果显示三大不同的参与组: 高, 中和低参与娱乐游泳者。高参与组包括了主要是女性, 中年和结婚的个人; 中参与组包括了那些没有一个清楚的人口资料的, 而低参与组包括主要男性和年轻的个人。三个参与组在五大谈判战略方面有着统计性的重要分数, 高参与个体有最高的分数, 而低参与个体有最低的分数。这些结论为Jackson, Crawford和Godbey发展的谈判主张提供了实证支持。他们更通过为了记录参与者的组的情况而显示人口分区如何能够在和心理变量因素联合使用中, 对已有的休闲文献做出贡献。

Este trabalho tem como objetivo segmentar nadadores recreativos de acordo com seus níveis de envolvimento, categorizar o envolvimento de grupos de acordo com variáveis demográficas e testar ainda mais o papel das estratégias de negociação no desenvolvimento do envolvimento com a natação. Duzentos e sessenta (N = 260) nadadores recreativos participaram do estudo e completaram a escala de envolvimento de três facetas de Kyle et al. e a escala de negociação de lazer de cinco dimensões de Alexandris et al.. Os resultados de análise de grupo revelaram três grupos de envolvimento distintos: nadadores recreativos de envolvimento alto, médio e baixo. O grupo de envolvimento alto era composto majoritariamente por mulheres de meia-idade casadas; o grupo de envolvimento médio não possuía uma clara característica demográfica, enquanto o grupo de envolvimento baixo era composto principalmente de homens jovens. Os três grupos de envolvimento tiveram resultados estatísticos significativos em todas as cinco dimensões de negociação estratégica, com o grupo de envolvimento alto tendo os maiores resultados e o grupo de envolvimento baixo os menores. Esses resultados fornecem apoio empírico à proposição de negociação, que foi desenvolvida por Jackson, Crawford e Godbey. Eles contribuem ainda para a existente literatura ao demonstrar como a segmentação demográfica pode ser utilizada em combinação com variáveis psicográficas de forma a categorizar grupos de participantes.

Notes

*p < .001

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