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Notes
1. Vainakh is a common name for Chechens and Ingush.
2. S. Arutounov, ‘Vpered nazad, k estestvennomu pravu’, in Rossija-Chechnia. Poiski vyhoda (St Petersburg: Zvezda Publishing House, 2003).
3. Kh. A. Nukhaev, ‘Rossija–Chechnia. Mir po formule “pobeda-pobeda”’, in Rossija–Chechnia. Poiski vyhoda (St Petersburg: Zvezda Publishing House, 2003)
4. A Chechen teip.
5. The leader of Chechen separatist movement, 1992–1995, first president of Chechen Republic Ichkeria.
6. Towers are traditional vainakh military–architectural constructions, which families used for protection from enemies and for family residence.
7. In 2004 during my course on conflict studies at Chechen State University, I held a seminar on the nature of prejudice and asked my students to write on small pieces of paper anecdotes about different professions, peoples, genders and teips. Then the pieces were dropped into a hat and subsequently read out. As it turned out there were lots of anecdotes about ethnicities and no anecdotes about teips in the hat. When I asked the students why it was so, they said that they did not want to hurt anybody's feelings in the classroom. In the monoethnic environment of contemporary Chechnya, teip remained the major distinguishing identity.
8. In Russia there is a 1–5 system of grading at school, 5 being the highest and 1 the lowest grades.
9. On 23 February 1944 the Soviet Socialist Republic of Checheno-Ingushetia was abolished and on the accusation of ‘cooperation with Nazi occupants’ the whole population was deported to Central Asia. According to various estimates Chechens and Ingush lost between a fifth and a quarter of their population in exile.
10. Common identity based on the place of origin. Lit. ‘zemlyak’ means a person, who comes from the same land. In large Russian cities ‘zemlyachestvo’ is a principle of self-help and nepotism for people originating from the same areas.
11. Group doing collective prayers together.
12. Religious leaders, responsible for observing the ritual during collective prayers.
13. Aslan Maskhadov was a Soviet General. Before the early 1990s his career mostly developed outside Chechnya.
14. See the report by HRC ‘Memorial’, ‘Chechnya 2004: new methods of anti-terror’, http://www.memo.ru/eng/memhrc/texts/5statagi.shtml.