Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to fitness-test performance and match standard

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the kinematic activity profiles, cardiovascular responses and physical fitness of top-class football referees (n = 11) during the FIFA Confederations Cup 2005. Computerised match-analyses (n = 9) were performed with a two-dimensional photogrammetric video system, and the cardiovascular demand imposed on the referees (n = 12) was measured using heart rate recordings. Total distance covered was 10,218, s = 643 m of which 3531, s = 510 m was covered at high intensities (> 3.6 m · s⁻¹). Both total distance covered (r ² = 0.59; P = 0.02) and high-intensity activities (r ² = 0.44; P = 0.05) were related to the distance covered by the ball in the same match. The referees ran at high speed 37% further (P = 0.01) in the actual tournament than during under-17 top-level officiating. After the 5-min interval during which high-speed running peaked, in the following 5 min the performance was reduced by 19% (P = 0.01) in relation to the mean of the game. Mean heart rate was 161, s = 9 b · min⁻¹ (86, s = 3% of maximal heart rate (HR_max)). Mean heart rate (expressed as percentage of HR_max) was related in part (r ² = 0.36; P < 0.01) to the number of high-intensity activities performed in the same 5-min interval. The results of this study show that: (1) kinematic activity profiles of top-class referees can be influenced by the distance covered by the ball; (2) the amount of high-speed running (>5 m · s⁻¹) best describes the physical performance of referees; (3) heart rate recording can be a useful tool to determine the most intense periods of a match and (4) the new fitness tests adopted by FIFA were poor predictors of match activities.

Keywords:

• 2D biomechanical analysis
• heart rate
• high-intensity activities
• physical performance

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Refereeing Department of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association. We would also like to thank FIFA's Medical Assessment and Research Center (F-MARC) for their financial support in this project. The cooperation of the referees was also of invaluable importance.