Geopolitical realities of the energy transition supply chain: energy security risks and opportunities

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Notes

1 ‘Could the EV Boom Run out of Juice before It Really Gets Going?’ (The Economist, 14 August 2022)

2 Ibid

3 Jason Bordoff and Meghan L O’Sullivan, ‘The Age of Energy Insecurity: How the Fight for Resources Is Upending Geopolitics’ (Foreign Affairs, May/June 2023) 104, 105

4 International Energy Agency, ‘The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transition: Mineral Requirements for Clean Energy Transitions’ (21 May 2021) <www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions/mineral-requirements-for-clean-energy-transitions> accessed 25 June 2023

5 Ibid

6 S&P Global Market Intelligence, ‘Growing Appetite for Copper Threatens Energy Transition and Climate Goals’ (18 July 2022) <www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/growing-appetite-copper-threatens-energy-transition-climate.html> accessed 25 June 2023

7 International Copper Association, ‘The Electric Vehicle Market and Copper Demand’ ( June 2017) <https://copperalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/2017.06-E-Mobility-Factsheet-1.pdf> accessed 25 June 2023

8 Bordoff and O’Sullivan, ‘The Age of Energy Insecurity’ (n 3)

9 Jason Bordfoff and Meghan L O’Sullivan, ‘Green Upheaval: The New Geopolitics of Energy’ (Foreign Affairs, January/February 2022)

10 Morgan D Bazilian and Gregory Brew, ‘The Missing Minerals: To Shift to Clean Energy, America Must Rethink Supply Chains’ (Foreign Affairs 6 January 2023) <www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/missing-minerals-clean-energy-supply-chains> accessed 25 June 2023

11 Bordoff and O’Sullivan, ‘The Age of Energy Insecurity’ (n 3), 110

12 Bazilian and Brew (n 10)

13 Agnes Change and Keith Bradsher, ‘Can the World Make an Electric Car Battery Without China?’ (The New York Times, 16 May 2023) <www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/05/16/business/china-ev-battery.html> accessed 25 June 2023

14 ‘Could the EV Boom Run out of Juice’ (n 1)

15 Bordoff and O’Sullivan, ‘The Age of Energy Insecurity’ (n 3)

16 Change and Bradsher (n 13)

17 Ibid

18 Ibid

19 Ibid

20 ‘Could the EV Boom Run out of Juice’ (n 1)

21 Ibid

22 David Ferris and Joshua Posaner, ‘Miles Apart: US and Europe Diverge on Chinese EVs’ (EnergyWire, 23 June 2023)

23 Ibid

24 Natasha Frost, ‘Australia Tries to Break Its Dependence on China for Lithium Mining’ (The New York Times, 23 May 2023)

25 Madeleine King, MP, ‘Seizing the Opportunities for Australia’s Critical Minerals’ (20 June 2023) <www.minister.industry.gov.au/ministers/king/media-releases/seizing-opportunities-australias-critical-minerals#:~:text=Australia%27s%20new%20Critical%20Minerals%20Strategy,runs%20through%20the%20resources%20sector> accessed 25 June 2023

26 Frost (n 24)

27 Ibid

28 Ibid

29 Brandon How, ‘PM Throws Support Behind Local Battery Manufacturing, InnovationAUS.com (22 February 2023) <www.innovationaus.com/pm-throws-support-behind-local-battery-manufacturing> accessed 25 June 2023

30 Peter Ker and Brad Thompson, ‘PM’s Battery Dream “Admirable” But Unlikely: CEOs’ (Financial Review, 2 March 2023) <www.afr.com/companies/mining/pm-s-battery-dream-admirable-but-unlikely-ceos-20230228-p5co8j> accessed 25 June 2023

31 Frost (n 24)

32 US Department of State, ‘Minerals Security Partnership’ (14 June 2022) <www.state.gov/minerals-security-partnership> accessed 25 June 2023

33 Cullen Hendrix, ‘Why the Proposed Brussels Buyers Club to Procure Critical Minerals Is a Bad Idea’ (Peterson Institute for International Economics, May 2023) <www.piie.com/sites/default/files/2023-05/pb23-6.pdf> accessed 25 June 2023

34 Jack Ewing and Melissa Eddy, ‘As US Races Ahead, Europe Frets About Battery Factory Subsidies’ (The New York Times, 31 May 2023)

35 Ibid

36 Ibid

37 Bordoff and O’Sullivan, ‘The Age of Energy Insecurity’ (n 3)

38 Ewing and Eddy (n 34)

39 Thom Woodroofe, senior fellow at the Asia Society Policy Institute and a former climate diplomate, ‘Argument: A Partnership to Save the Planet: Cooperating on Climate Change Could Be the Strategic Guardrail the United States and China Need to Stabilize Relations’ (Foreign Policy, 19 April 2023) <https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/19/china-united-states-climate-change-cooperation> accessed 25 June 2023

40 Ibid

41 Noah J Gordon, ‘Why US–China Rivalry Can Actually Help Fight Climate Change’ (Internationale Politik Quarterly, 24 March 2023) <https://ip-quarterly.com/en/why-us-china-rivalry-can-actually-help-fight-climate-change> accesssed 25 June 2023

42 Corbin Hiar, ‘US Lawmakers Stopped Visiting China. Is Climate Cooperation at Risk?’ (ClimateWire, 21 June 2023)

43 Ibid

44 Ibid

45 Bordfoff and O’Sullivan, ‘Green Upheaval’ (n 9)

46 Ibid

47 Bordoff and O’Sullivan, ‘The Age of Energy Insecurity’ (n 3), 107

48 Ana Swanson, ‘The US Needs Minerals for Electric Cars. Everyone Else Wants Them Too’ (The New York Time, 21 May 2023)

49 Bordoff and O’Sullivan, ‘The Age of Energy Insecurity’ (n 3), 117

50 Bordfoff and O’Sullivan, ‘Green Upheaval’ (n 9)

51 Ibid

52 Change and Bradsher (n 13)

53 ‘Indigenous Co-Ownership of Mining Projects: A Preliminary Framework for Critical Examination of Equity Participation’ (2022) 40(4) Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 413