Perinatal distress, an appraisal perspective

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the particular appraisals that shape maternal distress using the theoretical framework of Appraisal Theory of Emotions, which suggests that experienced emotions are triggered by the appraisal of specific situations. Background: Perinatal distress has been extensively studied. Symptoms range from mild to clinically significant. While major risk factors have been elucidated, cognitive components that may trigger distress need further clarification. Method: 122 women recruited during their third trimester of pregnancy completed measures of distress and appraisal during late pregnancy, within 7–10 days after delivery, and at 10–12 weeks postpartum. Mood scales included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. Appraisal items addressed the experiences of pregnancy and motherhood. Results: Correlation and regression analyses showed a significant and stable association between symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, and appraisals of low coping potential and future expectancy across the three assessment times. Low motivational congruence (incongruence) was associated with depression, anxiety, and stress during late pregnancy and the first days after childbirth, and with symptoms of depression at 10–12 weeks postpartum. Conclusion: In this sample of women experiencing low to moderate distress, findings suggest that the perceived ability to cope practically and emotionally with pregnancy and maternal-related issues, as well as pessimistic ideas about the future, form the core appraisal basis of perinatal distress. Implications for practice and intervention are discussed.

Keywords:

• pregnancy
• childbirth
• mothers
• emotional

Notes

1. The severity ratings for the DASS used in this study were as follows. Depression: 0–4 (normal), 5–6 (mild), 7–10 (moderate), 11–13 (severe), and 14+ (extremely severe); Anxiety: 0–3 (normal), 4–5 (mild), 6–7 (moderate), 8–9 (severe), and 10+ (extremely severe); Stress: 0–7 (normal), 8–9 (mild), 10–12 (moderate), 13–16 (severe) and 17+ (extremely severe).