Anxiety and depressive symptoms in women and men from early pregnancy to 30 months postpartum

Abstract

Aims: The aims of this study were to analyse the changes in anxiety and depression symptoms from early pregnancy to 30 months postpartum according to gender and parity.

Method: 129 couples (N = 258) recruited from an obstetrics unit completed self-report measures of anxiety and depression at each pregnancy trimester, childbirth, 3 and 30 months postpartum. Using multilevel modelling, piecewise dyadic growth curve models were performed, assessing time, gender and parity as predictors of anxiety and depression symptoms.

Results: Anxiety and depression symptoms decreased from the first trimester to 3 months postpartum and increased from 3 to 30 months postpartum, returning to the baseline levels in the overall sample. The symptoms were positively correlated within-dyad; in a given time point when a partner reported more symptoms, the other reported more symptoms as well. Changes in anxiety and depression symptoms over time were different according to gender and parity, especially from 3 to 30 months postpartum. Primiparous women revealed low stable symptoms, whereas multiparous women revealed the steepest symptoms increase (in comparison to primiparous men and women and multiparous men).

Conclusions: This study corroborates the literature considering that the transition to parenthood can last until the child’s age of 2 or 3 years. Results point out that the risk for anxiety and depression symptoms increasing over the postpartum period is greater for multiparous and lesser for primiparous women. Future studies should explore the factors that contribute to the high risk of symptoms increase over the postpartum period for multiparous women. Screening and intervention should target couples and not only women.

Keywords:

• Anxiety and depression symptoms
• pregnancy and postpartum
• gender and parity
• dyadic growth curve analyses

Acknowledgements

We thank the couples that collaborated in this study. We also thank the researchers involved in data collection, and Iva Tendais and David Kenny who assisted in data analysis.

Notes

1. Model equations: Y_1ti = c_1i + b_1iT_ti + e1_ti, Y_2ti = c_2i + b_2iT_ti + e_2ti.