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Abstract
Maximum levels for dioxins in food and feedstuffs have been recently established by the European Commission through two regulations. Dioxin-monitoring programmes of food and feedstuffs will therefore be undertaken by the European Member States to implement these regulations, which would be facilitated by fast and low-cost screening methods. Commission Directives 2002/70/EC and 2002/69/EC describe specific characteristics for such screening methods. In the present study, the performance characteristics of the DR CALUX® method from BioDetection Systems were established in a validation study with 14 participants. The study was based on two materials (fish oil and feed), each containing four different levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs around the current limits. The results demonstrate that the test is very promising but that in particular the clean-up procedure was a source of variation and requires further optimization and standardization. In addition the quantification is improved by the use of control samples to correct for background contamination, recovery and differences between the TEF values and REP (relative potency) factors in the test.
Keywords:
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank BioDetection Systems (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for its kind participation in the training and for supplying cells and chemicals to the participants. We would also like to thank Liza Portier and Toine Bovee (RIKILT) for her help in the training and the preparation of test samples. Furthermore, we would like to thank the different institutes and companies for their participation in this ring trial, more specific: CEFAS (Burnham-on-Crouch, UK), Central Science Laboratory (York, UK), Chemical and Veterinary Control Laboratory (CVUA, Münster, Germany), the General Chemical State Laboratory (GCSL, Athens, Greece), Institute for Environmental Sciences at the Free University of Amsterdam (IVM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Kaneka Techno Research (Kobe, Japan), LABERCA at the Ecole Veterinaire (Nantes, France), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES, Tsukuba, Japan), the National Public Health Institute (NHPI Kuopio, Finland), Norwegian Institute of Air Research (NIAR, Kjeller, Norway), Nutreco (Boxmeer, The Netherlands), Unilever (Sharnbrook, UK), University of Liège, Centre of Analysis of Residues in Traces (CART, Liège, Belgium), the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI, Brno, Czech Republic), and VITO (Mol, Belgium).
Notes
Abbreviation: Ah-receptor: aryl hydrocarbon-receptor; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; CALUX: Chemically Activated Luciferase gene Expression; FAPAS = Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme; HRGC/HRMS: High Resolution Gas Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry; PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PCB: polychlorinated biphenyl; PCDD: polychlorinated; dibenzodioxin; PCDF: polychlorinated dibenzofuran; PeCDD: pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; PeCDF: pentachlorodibenzofuran; REP: relative potency; TCDD: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TEQ: toxic equivalent; WHO-TEF: Toxic Equivalency Factor established by the World Health Organization
