Annual variation of deoxynivalenol in Danish wheat flour 1998–2003 and estimated daily intake by the Danish population

Abstract

The occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Danish wheat flour was studied during the period 1998–2003 by either capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection and liquid chromatography coupled to an ion trap mass spectrophotometer. A total of 151 samples were collected from mills and the retail market in Denmark. Contamination levels varied considerably from year-to-year with the highest concentrations occurring in samples from the 2002 harvest with mean and median concentrations of 255 and 300 µg kg⁻¹, respectively. Compared to other harvest years, 2002 had the highest amount of precipitation around flowering time, i.e. from the end of June to the beginning of July covering weeks 25–27. The lowest average levels were found in samples from the 2001 harvest, where weeks 25–27 were dry compared with other harvest years. The highest value (705 µg kg⁻¹) was obtained in a flour sample from the 2002 harvest, but none of the tested samples exceeded the maximum limit of 750 µg kg⁻¹, which has been recently introduced by the European Commission for DON in flour used as raw materials in food products. Calculation of chronic or usual intake by a deterministic approach showed that intake did not exceed the TDI of 1 µg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹ either for the whole population or for children. A probabilistic approach also showed that intake in general was below the TDI, but intake for children in the 99% percentile amounted to more than 75% of the TDI. The highest intake is calculated to be 2.5 µg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹.

Keywords:

• Deoxynivalenol (DON)
• wheat flour
• GC–ECD
• LC–MS
• annual variation
• EU maximum limit
• intake calculations

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Henrik Hartkopp and Anders Möller, Department of Nutrition, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research for the consumption data and compiling the flour data into rye and wheat bread.