Electro-hyperthermia up-regulates tumour suppressor Septin 4 to induce apoptotic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

Purpose: Modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) has been shown to be effective against various types of human tumours, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the cytotoxic effects of mEHT to HCC cells.

Materials and methods: Human liver cancer cell lines, Huh7 and HepG2, were treated with mEHT (42 °C/60 min) three times at 2-day intervals. Growth inhibition and apoptotic induction were evaluated using MTS, microscopic analysis, a clonogenic assay, annexin V/PI staining and a ccK18 ELISA. Global changes in gene expression were examined using RNA sequencing to obtain insights into molecular changes in response to mEHT. For in vivo evaluation of mEHT we used HepG2 HCC xenografts grown in nude mice.

Results: mEHT suppressed HCC cell proliferation and long-term colony formation through induction of apoptosis. The growth inhibitory effects are induced through a subset of molecular changes. Notably the expression level of septin 4 (SEPT4) (involved in pro-apoptotic activity and growth suppression) was up-regulated, whereas a key regulator of invasiveness G-Protein coupled receptor 64 (GPR64) was repressed. Subsequent Western blotting confirmed that the common increase in tumour suppressor SEPT4 in both Huh7 and HepG2 cells is accompanied by the restoration of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 and decrease in pro-caspase 7 and pro-caspase 3, thereby accelerating apoptotic signalling in HCC cells. Additionally, mEHT significantly inhibited the growth of human HCC xenografts in nude mice.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that apoptotic cell death induced by mEHT is mediated by the up-regulation of tumour suppressor SEPT4 in human HCC cells.

Keywords:

• Apoptosis
• electro-hyperthermia
• HCC
• p21
• SEPT4

Acknowledgement

*T.W.J. and H.Y. contributed equally to this work.

Disclosure statement

This project was financially supported through the Hospicare Corp. (2013-31-0557), South Korea, and through grants from the Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare (A121982) and the Bio and Medical Technology Development Programme, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2012M3A9C7050149). This work was also supported by the Mid-Career Researcher Programme through a National Research Foundation grant funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2014R1A2A1A11054162), South Korea. The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.