Evaluating the tissue effects of balloon-based endobiliary radiofrequency ablation in porcine bile ducts

Abstract

Background

We developed a novel balloon-based endobiliary radiofrequency ablation (RFA) system to overcome the limitations of conventional RFA in treating malignant biliary strictures. This study aimed to evaluate the histological effects of balloon-RFA in porcine bile ducts.

Methods

Balloon-RFA of intrahepatic bile ducts from freshly resected porcine livers was performed for 60 s at 50, 60 and 70 °C. The specimens were subsequently sectioned for histological analysis and the slides were digitally scanned. Pseudo-coloring was applied based on the intensity of the ablation effect, and the area and estimated volume of ablation were measured.

Results

All samples showed epithelial sloughing and coagulative necrosis, and the entire internal circumference of the bile duct was evenly ablated. Complete transmural necrosis and involvement beyond the wall were found in 0% of samples ablated at 50 °C, in 33% at 60 °C and 100% at 70 °C. The mean depth and estimated volume of the ablation areas were 1.29 mm and 353.84 mm³, 1.44 mm, and 505.54 mm³ and 1.81 mm and 702.52 mm³ at 50, 60 and 70 °C, respectively.

Conclusions

Balloon-RFA leads to sloughing of the mucosa and coagulative necrosis. Ablation depth and volume increased in proportion to target temperature.

Keywords:

• Radiofrequency ablation
• malignant biliary obstruction
• balloon catheter
• coagulative necrosis
• endobiliary

Introduction

Endobiliary radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a promising option for treatment of malignant biliary strictures [1]. RFA can achieve local tumor control, resulting in improved biliary stent patency and a potential survival benefit. However, conventional endobiliary RFA has some limitations, including the small number of amenable lesions and an uneven ablation area [2]. These may explain why the results of previous studies have been contradictory [3–6].

To overcome these issues, we developed balloon-based endobiliary RFA (balloon-RFA) [7]. Although balloon-RFA may be indicated for various strictures and can theoretically achieve consistent depth without excessive ablation, its effects on the tissue itself are not well-characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the histological effects of balloon-RFA in porcine bile ducts.

Methods

Balloon RFA catheter

A prototype balloon-RFA catheter (Japan Lifeline Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) (Figure 1) and modified ARFA-GEN200 generator (Japan Lifeline Co., Ltd.) were used in this study. The catheter has a 3.5-mm diameter balloon at the tip, and eight stretchable electronic inks (20-mm long and 0.75-mm wide) are printed along the balloon’s length. A temperature sensor is equipped at the surface of the balloon, and cooling water can be perfused inside the balloon by an injection pump. The target temperature can be maintained automatically by adjusting the output power and cooling water perfusion, as well as monitoring the impedance during the procedure to ensure safety.

Figure 1. A prototype balloon-radiofrequency ablation catheter was used in this study. The catheter has a 3.5-mm diameter balloon at the tip and 8 stretchable electronic inks are printed along the balloon’s length.

Experimental procedure

Freshly resected porcine livers were cut into blocks around the intrahepatic bile duct. The block was wrapped with gel and saline solution to keep the resistivity constant, and its interior temperature was kept at 37 °C. After RFA catheter insertion into the intrahepatic bile duct, ablation was performed at three different settings (50 °C for 60 s, 60 °C for 60 s and 70 °C for 60 s) for three times each. The output power was increased linearly from 5 W until the target temperature was reached and was continually adjusted to maintain this temperature. Each ablation setting was performed on a different specimen. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Aichi Medical University approved this study.

Histologic analysis

After ablation, the intrahepatic bile duct was cut longitudinally to expose the mucosal surface using a pathology knife. The specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned for histological analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin, and NADH-tetrazolium reductase staining were performed. All slides were scanned by a digital scanner (NanoZoomer-XR; Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Shizuoka, Japan) to create high-quality digital slides. All digital slides stained using hematoxylin and eosin staining were viewed and analyzed using Aperio ImageScope (Leica Biosystems, Nussloch, Germany). Slides that underwent NADH-tetrazolium reductase staining were analyzed by ImageJ software, and pseudo-coloring was applied based on the intensity of the ablation effects to recognize and determine the ablation area. The area and estimated volume of the ablation were subsequently measured.

Results

The experimental results are shown in Table 1. All samples showed epithelial sloughing and coagulative necrosis (Figure 2), and the entire internal circumference of the bile duct was evenly ablated. Complete transmural necrosis was found in 0% (0/3) of samples ablated at 50 °C for 60 s, 33% (1/3) of those ablated at 60 °C, and 100% (3/3) of those ablated at 70 °C. The effects of RFA extended beyond the bile duct wall in 0% (0/3) of samples ablated at 50 °C for 60 s, 33% (1/3) of those ablated at 60 °C, and 100% (3/3) of those ablated at 70 °C.

Figure 2. The bile duct wall was injured thermally and the epithelium was sloughed off as a result of the treatment (a). Eosinophilic coagulative necrosis was observed at the bile duct wall and the surrounding tissue (b, c).

Table 1. Detailed histologic findings after balloon-based radiofrequency ablation.

Specimen no.	Balloon size	Target temperature	Ablation time	Impedance	Histological findings
					Epithelial sloughing	Complete transmural necrosis	Involvement beyond the wall	Length of ablation area (mm)^†	Depth of ablation area (mm)^†	Estimated volume of total ablation area (mm^3)^†^‡
1	3.5 mm × 20 mm	50 °C	60 s	106 Ω	+	±	±	18.03	1.29	353.84
2	3.5 mm × 20 mm	50 °C	60 s	98 Ω	+	−	−	Not obvious	Not obvious	−
3	3.5 mm × 20 mm	50 °C	60 s	112 Ω	+	−	−	Not obvious	Not obvious	−
4	3.5 mm × 20 mm	60 °C	60 s	103 Ω	+	−	−	18.77	1.35	368.36
5	3.5 mm × 20 mm	60 °C	60 s	106 Ω	+	+	+	21.69	1.51	576.73
6	3.5 mm × 20 mm	60 °C	60 s	98 Ω	+	±	±	20.09	1.47	571.53
7	3.5 mm × 20 mm	70 °C	60 s	99 Ω	+	+	+	19.73	1.75	642.35
8	3.5 mm × 20 mm	70 °C	60 s	89 Ω	+	+	+	22.46	1.56	686.51
9	3.5 mm × 20 mm	70 °C	60 s	98 Ω	+	+	+	22.23	2.13	778.69

^†Digital analysis of pseudo-color-mapped samples.

^‡The volume includes the bile duct.

Digital analysis of the pseudo-color-mapped samples showed that the length and depth of the ablation area were 18.03 and 1.29 mm, respectively, at 50 °C for 60 s setting. The dimensions of the ablation area were unclear in two samples. The mean length of the ablation area in samples ablated at 60 and 70 °C for 60 s were 20.18 and 21.47 mm, respectively, while the mean depth was 1.44 and 1.81 mm, respectively. The mean estimated volume of the total ablation area was 353.84, 505.54 and 702.52 mm³ in samples ablated for 60 s at 50, 60 and 70 °C, respectively.

Discussion

This study confirmed that the histological effects of balloon-RFA involve sloughing of the mucosal layer and coagulative necrosis. The ablation depth and area were found to be increased in proportion to the target temperature.

RFA can improve biliary stent patency by preventing tumor ingrowth, and may prolong survival in patients with pancreatobiliary cancer by achieving local tumor control [1]. However, there is no consensus on its optimal usage and its usefulness is still debated. Conventional RFA catheters do not achieve effective ablation of strictures that are short, non-tight, or rough, due to insufficient contact with the tissue [2]. Additionally, the point at which the electrodes are in contact with will inevitably experience pronounced and deep burns. This may be one of the reasons underlying the discrepancies between previous studies. Conversely, if appropriate ablation can be achieved, RFA would be effective for treating malignant biliary strictures.

Balloon-RFA can in theory allow for contact of the electrodes with the entire circumference of the bile duct wall. This study findings showed that the entire internal circumference of the bile duct was ablated, and the ablation area consistently showed a cylindrical pattern around the catheter. Additionally, the ablation area and volume were proportional to the target temperature. Therefore, with further research, it would be possible to determine the shape, range and volume to be ablated before the procedure. Assuming balloon-RFA application under endoscopic guidance, the ablation area may be set and controlled according to intraductal ultrasonography assessment. Additionally, balloon-RFA could also possibly be applied percutaneously.

The results of this study should be considered in the context of its limitations, which include its ex-vivo design using normal porcine bile ducts. Animal models of biliary strictures do not exist, limiting the assessment of the effect of balloon-RFA on the strictures. Furthermore, achieving a similar ablative effect in human tissues may require higher thermal energies. To definitively establish this innovative procedure, its efficacy needs to be confirmed in further analyses. In-vivo experiments are currently underway.

In conclusion, balloon-RFA has significant potential and may be a relevant option for treating malignant biliary strictures. This preclinical study should pave the way for evaluation of the efficacy of this procedure in future trials.

Ethical approval

The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Aichi Medical University approved this study.

Author contributions

Tadahisa Inoue: conception and design, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation and drafting and revising of the manuscript.

Masashi Yoneda: data interpretation and revising of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

We thank Japan Lifeline Co., Ltd. for providing the balloon-based radiofrequency ablation system.

Disclosure statement

Tadahisa Inoue received honoraria from Japan Lifeline Co., Ltd. and Boston Scientific Japan. The other author discloses no financial relationships relevant to this publication.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI [Grant Number JP20K17005].