https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9383-5749
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ABSTRACT
Integrating transport and land use policies is a key objective in pursuing sustainable transport strategies seeking to reduce car usage. Such integration is taxing as the two developed into separate disciplines with differing cultures. These issues come to the fore during planning execution: the implementation of sustainable transport policies through the planning system. Such implementation processes prove complex and concern fit between policy intervention and practice context. In this paper, we explore these implementation issues using an integration framework employed on a longitudinal case study of Merseyside during the twenty-first century’s first decade.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the 12 anonymous interviewees for their time and insight, and also to two reviewers for their suggestions.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Fischer, Smith, and Sykes, “Can Less be More?” Banister, Transport Planning.
2 Smith, “Challenges Achieving Sustainable Transport”.
3 Fischer, Smith, and Sykes, “Can Less be More?”
4 Parkinson, Liverpool Beyond the Brink.
5 Taylor, Urban Planning Theory.
6 Headicar, Transport Policy and Planning.
7 Banister, Transport Planning.
8 Docherty, “Rail Transport Policy-Making”.
9 Parkinson, Liverpool Beyond the Brink.
10 Cabinet Office, Modernising Government.
11 DTLR, Planning Fundamental Change.
12 Allmendinger, New Labour and Planning.
13 Smith, “Integrating Policies, Plans and Programmes”.
14 Government News Network, 17 New Centres of Excellence.
15 Raynsford, Planning 2020.
16 Clifford and Tewdwr-Jones, Collaborating Planner?
17 e.g. Hull, “Integrated Transport Planning”; Stead, Geerlings, and Meijers, Policy Integration in Practice; Smith, “Integrating Policies, Plans and Programmes”.
18 e.g. Morphet, Effective Practice in Spatial Planning; Baker and Hincks, “Infrastructure Delivery and Spatial Planning”.
19 Hull, “Integrated Transport Planning”; Nadin, Role and Scope of Spatial Planning.
20 Allmendinger, New Labour and Planning; Morphet, Effective Practice in Spatial Planning; Clifford and Tewdwr Jones, Collaborating Planner?
21 Taylor, “This Thing Called Spatial Planning”; Shaw and Lord, “From Land Use to Spatial”.
22 Clifford and Tewdwr Jones, Collaborating Planner?
23 Raynsford, Planning 2020; Morphet et al., Shaping and Delivering Tomorrows Places.
24 Allmendinger, New Labour and Planning.
25 Holden, Gilpin, and Banister, “Sustainable Mobility at Thirty”; Hull, Transport Matters.
26 Banister, Unsustainable Transport; Vigar, Politics of Mobility.
27 Social Exclusion Unit, Making the Connections; Docherty, “Policy, Politics and Sustainable Transport”.
28 Holden, Gilpin, and Banister, “Sustainable Mobility at Thirty”.
29 Headicar, Transport Policy and Planning.
30 Ibid.
31 Banister, Unsustainable Transport; Vigar and Varna, “Connecting Places”.
32 Morphet et al., Shaping and Delivering Tomorrows Places.
33 Cullingworth and Nadin, Town and Country Planning.
34 ODPM, PPS12: Local Development Frameworks.
35 Cullingworth and Nadin, Town and Country Planning.
36 Ibid.
37 Vigar and Stead, “Local transport Planning”; DETR, New Deal for Transport.
38 Glaister et al., Transport Policy.
39 Stead, “Transport and Land-Use Planning”.
40 Headicar, Transport Policy and Planning.
41 DoE, PPG13: Transport; Headicar, “Land use Planning”.
42 Thaler and Sunstein, Nudge.
43 Headicar, “Land Use Planning”.
44 DETR, PPG13: Transport.
45 Stead, “Transport and Land Use”.
46 Headicar, Transport Policy and Planning.
47 Headicar, “Land Use Planning”.
48 Headicar, Transport Policy and Planning.
49 Stead, “Transport and Land Use”.
50 Addison, “Robes of King Canute”.
51 Rydin, Urban and Environmental Planning.
52 Moore, Practical Approach to Planning Law.
53 DoE, Use of Conditions.
54 DETR, PPG13: Transport.
55 Ratcliffe and Stubbs, Urban Planning and Real Estate.
56 Rydin, Urban and Environmental Planning.
57 Moore, Practical Approach to Planning Law.
58 Headicar, Transport Policy and Planning.
59 Baker and Hincks, “Infrastructure Delivery and Spatial Planning”; Glaister et al., Transport Policy.
60 Cullingworth and Nadin, Town and Country Planning.
61 Rydin, Urban and Environmental Planning.
62 Cullingworth and Nadin, Town and Country Planning.
63 Moore, Practical Approach to Planning Law.
64 Raynsford, Planning 2020.
65 Morphet, Effective Practice in Spatial Planning.
66 Rydin, Urban and Environmental Planning; DTLR, Planning: Delivering Fundamental Change.
67 Morphet, Effective Practice in Spatial Planning; Nadin, Role and Scope of Spatial Planning.
68 Hull, “Integrated Transport Planning”.
69 Smith, “Revisiting Implementation Theory”; Fischer, Smith, and Sykes, “Can Less be More?”
70 Smith, “Revisiting Implementation Theory”.
71 Ibid.
72 Ibid.
73 Damschroder et al., “Implementation of Research into Practice”.
74 Clifford and Tewdwr-Jones, Collaborating Planner?
75 Rycroft-Malone et al., “Factors that Influence Implementation of Evidence”.
76 Smith, “Revisiting Implementation Theory”.
77 Alexander and Faludi, “Planning and Plan Implementation”; Talen, “Do Plans get Implemented”.
78 Smith, “Revisiting Implementation Theory”.
79 Hogwood and Gunn, Policy Analysis.
80 Healey, Making Better Places; Rydin, The Purpose of Planning.
81 Cullingworth and Nadin, Town and Country Planning.
82 Barrett and Fudge, Policy and Action.
83 Greenhalgh et al., “Diffusion of Innovations”.
84 Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations.
85 Smith, “Integrating Policies, Plans and Programmes”.
86 Geerlings and Stead, “Integration of Planning, Transport and Environment”.
87 Ibid.
88 Smith, “Integrating Policies, Plans and Programmes”; Morphet, Effective Practice in Spatial Planning; Candel and Biesbroek, “Processual Understanding of Policy Integration”.
89 Hull, “Integrated Transport Planning”.
90 Stead, Geerlings, and Meijers, Policy Integration in Practice.
91 Marsh and Rhodes, Policy Networks.
92 Alexander and Faludi, “Planning and Plan Implementation”.
93 Talen, “Do Plans Get Implemented?”
94 Kidd and Fischer, “Towards Sustainability”.
95 Fischer, Smith, and Sykes, “Can Less be More?”; Smith, Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Transport.
96 Smith, Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Transport; Smith, Sykes, and Fischer, “Derailed”.
97 Smith, “Integrating Policies, Plans and Programmes”; Hull, Transport Matters.
98 Ibid.
99 Fischer, Smith, and Sykes et al., “Can Less be More?”
100 Smith, Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Transport.
101 Fischer, “Beyond Empiricism”.
102 Robson, Real World Research.
103 Smith, “Revisiting Implementation Theory.”
104 Atkinson and Hammersley, Ethnography.
105 Pawson and Tilley, Realistic Evaluation.
106 Popper, Growth of Scientific Knowledge.
107 Smith, “Revisiting Implementation Theory.”
108 Merseytravel, Local Transport Plan 2006/7-2010/11; Local Transport Plan 2000/1-2005/6.
109 Merseytravel, Local Transport Plan 2006/7-2010/11.
110 Smith, “Integrating Policies, Plans and Programmes”.
111 Liverpool City Council, Unitary Development Plan.
112 Wirral Borough Council, Unitary Development Plan.
113 Sefton Borough Council, Unitary Development Plan.
114 Merseytravel, Local Transport Plan 2006/7-2010/11; Local Transport Plan 2000/1-2005/6.
115 Smith, Sykes, and Fischer, “Derailed”.
116 Parkinson, Liverpool Beyond the Brink.
117 Smith, Sykes, and Fischer, “Derailed”.
118 Parkinson, Liverpool Beyond the Brink.
119 Smith, “Integrating Policies, Plans and Programmes”.
120 See Fischer, Smith, and Sykes, “Can Less be More”; Smith, “Integrating Policies, Plans, Programmes”; Smith, Sykes, and Fischer, “Derailed”.
121 Houghton, “Merseysides Brand New Train Station”.
122 Tyrrell, “Massive Plans for Two New Stations”.
123 Stead, Geerlings, and Meijers, Policy Integration in Practice.
124 Fischer, Smith, and Sykes, “Can Less be More?”
125 Marsh and Rhodes, Policy Networks.
126 Murray, “Time is Money”.
127 Ferm et al., “Emerging Problems of Deregulating the Urban”.
128 Ibid.
129 Hogwood and Gunn, Policy Analysis.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Mark Smith
Mark Smith is a post-doctoral academic researcher specializing in policy integration and implementation.