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Abstract
Taking complexity of process technology, economical and environmental reasons as well as time impact into account, removal of lead based on intermetallics formation and subsequent separation proves to be the most balanced approach. The hitherto used aggregation agent sodium fluoride does serve as a suitable additive in European countries. Therefore, fluorine-free compound separation is evaluated. Thermochemical modelling of Cu–Zn–Pb–Ca–O system identifies ideal process conditions, namely, charging calcium with an amount of 1.5 wt-% at 930°C. Experiments carried out at stated parameters reveal comprehensive formation of Pb–Ca compounds, chemically similar to the stoichiometric intermetallic phase Ca5Pb3. Thus, the results prove the technological feasibility of lead removal from molten brass scrap using fluorine-free compound separation.
This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Brass Alloys.
Acknowledgements
The project upon which this publication is based is funded by the International Copper Association. The authors wish to thank ICA members Wieland-Werke AG, KME Germany GmbH & Co. KG, Affival SAS and DAECHANG Co., Ltd for financial and technical assistance towards the project. This publication reflects the views of the authors only.
ORCiD
S. Hilgendorf http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5659-6777
B. Friedrich http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2934-2034