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Notes
1 Michael Knights and Alexandre Mello, ‘The Saudi-UAE War Effort in Yemen (Part 1): Operation Golden Arrow in Aden’, Policywatch 2464, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 10 August 2015..
2 Mark Urban, ‘How Many Russians Are Fighting in Ukraine?’, BBC News, 10 March 2015.
3 This section draws on Sushant K Singh, ‘Optimising India's Strategic Infrastructure’, unpublished manuscript, 2015.
4 Department of the Army and US Marine Corps, ‘Operational Terms and Graphics', Field Manual, FM 1-02/MCRP 5-12A, September 2004, p. 5. For the Soviet/Russian terminology of equivalent concepts, see David M Glantz, A History of Soviet Airborne Forces (London: Taylor and Francis, 1994), p. xvi.
5 British Maritime Doctrine, quoted in Julian Thompson, ‘Force Projection and the Falklands Conflict’, in Stephen Badsey, Rob Havers and Mark Grove (eds), The Falklands Conflict Twenty Years On: Lessons for the Future (London: Frank Cass, 2005), p. 82.
6 Ibid., p. 82.
7 Jim Muir, ‘How US Assault Grabbed Global Attention’, BBC News, 17 March 2006.
8 US Department of the Army, ‘Infantry, Airborne, and Air Assault Brigade Operations’, Field Manual FM 7–30, 1981, pp. 8–7.
9 International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), The Military Balance 2015 (London: Routledge/IISS, 2015), p. 251; B S Pawar, ‘Growing Needs: The Highs and Lows of Indian Military Helicopters’, Force, June 2012.
10 IISS, The Military Balance 2015, p. 251. The IISS's Mi-26 estimate has been discounted to account for a crash five years ago and the Mi-17V-V5 estimate supplemented in line with newer sources. Mi-17 variants have been classified here as medium lift, although the Military Balance 2015 labels these as multi-role.
11 Pranay S Ahluwalia, ‘Army Aviation: Does the Army Need its Own Air Force?’, ORF Issue Brief No. 81, Observer Research Foundation, November 2014, p. 6.
12 A K Sachdev, ‘Helicopter Fleet for the IAF’, Indian Defence Review (Vol. 28, No. 2, April–June 2013).
13 Shiv Aroor, ‘Chinook In IAF Colours: 5 Big Reasons the IAF Is Smiling’, Livefistdefence.com, 28 September 2015, <http://www.livefistdefence.com/2015/09/chinook-in-iaf-colours-5-big-reasons.html>, accessed 22 October 2015.
14 Sushant K Singh and Richard Gowan, ‘India and UN Peacekeeping : The Weight of History and a Lack of Strategy’, in Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu, Pratap Bhanu Mehta and Bruce Jones (eds), Shaping the Emerging World: India and the Multilateral Order (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2013), p. 183.
15 Sputnik, ‘Russia Delivered 121 Mi-17V-5 Helicopters to India, Ready to Send More’, 18 February 2015, <http://sputniknews.com/science/20150218/1018442073.html#ixzz3nm8RRUsD>, accessed 22 October 2015; Manu Pubby, ‘IAF Moves Proposal to Acquire 48 Mi 17 Choppers from Russia to Strengthen Transport Fleet’, Economic Times, 20 July 2015.
16 Rahul Bedi, ‘India Moves to Sign off on Apache, Chinook Deals', IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, 28 May 2015; Airforce Technology, ‘Boeing Receives Apache and Chinook Order from India’, 2 October 2015, <http://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsboeing-receives-apache-and-chinook-order-from-india-4683367>, accessed 22 October 2015.
17 Sachdev, ‘Helicopter Fleet for the IAF’.
18 A K Sachdev, ‘Helicopters in Special Operations', Indian Defence Review (Vol. 27, No. 4, October–December 2012), p. 16.
19 B S Pawar, ‘Army Aviation 2030: Bright Future’, CLAWS Journal (Winter 2011), pp. 48–49; Sachdev, ‘Helicopter Fleet for the IAF’.
20 Manu Pubby, ‘Here is Why Apache and Chinook Helicopters are Game Changers for India’, Economic Times, 23 September 2015.
21 Amit Gupta, Building an Arsenal: The Evolution of Regional Power Force Structures (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), p. 58; Ali Ahmed, India's Doctrine Puzzle: Limiting War in South Asia (New Delhi: Routledge, 2014), p. 44; Ken Conboy and Paul Hannon, Elite Forces of India and Pakistan (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2012), p. 15.
22 Gupta, Building an Arsenal, p. 60.
23 Gurmeet Kanwal, ‘India: Need for an Air Assault Brigade and Rapid Reaction Force’, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, 1 August 2006, <http://www.ipcs.org/article/military/india-need-for-an-air-assault-brigade-and-rapid-reaction-2084.html>, accessed 22 October 2015; Gurmeet Kanwal, Indian Army: Vision 2020 (New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers/India Today Group, 2008), p. 247.
24 Walter C Ladwig III, ‘India and Military Power Projection: Will the Land of Gandhi Become a Conventional Great Power?’, Asian Survey (Vol. 50, No. 6, November 2010), p. 1180.
25 Gautam Banerjee, ‘Mountain Strike Corps along Indo-Tibet Border and Strategic Advantage’, Vivekananda International Foundation (VIF), 19 September 2014, <http://www.vifindia.org/article/2014/september/19/mountain-strike-corps-along-indo-tibet-border-and-strategic-advantage>, accessed 22 October 2015; Gurmeet Kanwal, ‘Deterring the Dragon’, Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review (No. 1, January–February 2013), p. 55; G D Bakshi, ‘Restructuring the Indian Armed Forces', Journal Of Defence Studies (Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2011), p. 30.
26 Surya Gangadharan, ‘What Raising a New Mountain Strike Corps Means for India’, IBN Live, 18 July 2013; Shantanu K Bansal, ‘Army Aviation Corps: On the Wings of Transformation’, Indian Defence Review (Vol. 30, No. 1, January–March 2015).
27 See Department of the Army, ‘Tactics’, Field Manual FM 3–90, July 2001, Appendix C.
28 Ladwig III, ‘India and Military Power Projection’, p. 1180.
29 J F R Jacob, Surrender at Dacca: Birth of a Nation (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 1997), p. 77.
30 Parachute Regiment Training Centre, ‘History’, n.d., <http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/history.htm>, accessed 22 October 2015; Salute, ‘The Prickly Tale of Operation Cactus’, 5 March 2012, <http://salute.co.in/the-prickly-tale-of-operation-cactus/>, accessed 22 October 2015.
31 Oneindia, ‘Pak Informed of “Sanghe Shakti”: Lt Gen Daljeet Singh’, 18 May 2006, <http://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/18/pak-informed-of-sanghe-shakti-lt-gen-daljeet-singh-1147946942.html>, accessed 22 October 2015.
32 Sukhwant Singh, India's Wars Since Independence: The Liberation of Bangladesh (New Delhi: Vikas, 1980).
33 Mir Bahmanyar, Shadow Warriors: A History of the US Army Rangers (Westminster, MD: Osprey Publishing, 2012), pp. 178–87; Michael R Gordon and Bernard E Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 2006), p. 340; Michael Smith, ‘Paras Make First Jump since Suez’, Sunday Times, 26 December 2010; Leigh Neville, Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan (Westminster, MD: Osprey Publishing, 2012), pp. 13, 25–27; Michael Shurkin, ‘France's War in Mali: Lessons for an Expeditionary Army’, RAND Corporation, 2014, p. 21.
34 Kenneth W Allen, ‘The Organizational Structure of the PLAAF’, in Richard P Hallion, Roger Cliff and Phillip C Saunders (eds), ‘The Chinese Air Force: Evolving Concepts, Roles, and Capabilities: Evolving Concepts, Roles, and Capabilities’, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs, 2012, p. 96; Dennis J Blasko, The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century (Oxford: Routledge, 2013), p. 104.
35 Rajat Pandit, ‘Paradrop Training along LAC to Check China’, Times of India, 10 September 2012.
36 Gareth Jennings, ‘India Exercises Option for Six More Hercules Transport Aircraft’, IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, 24 July 2014.
37 Ashok Goel, ‘Indian Air Force and its Transport Fleet’, India Strategic, October 2008.
38 Jatinder Kaur Tur, ‘Silver Lining: C-17 Globemaster III Gives Major Boost to Rescue Ops’, Times of India, 31 July 2015.
39 William G T Tuttle Jr, Defense Logistics for the 21st Century (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 80.
40 Rachel Martinez, ‘Austere Runway Ops Validate C-17 Combat Capability’, Air Mobility Command, US Air Force (USAF), 12 April 2013, <http://www.amc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123344265>, accessed 22 October 2015.
41 Philippe Gross, ‘Libya and Mali Operations: Transatlantic Lessons Learned’, Foreign Policy Papers, German Marshall Fund, July 2014.
42 Brian Everstine, ‘Readiness Declines in Aging, Overworked Fleet’, Military Times, 2 October 2013.
43 Rahul Bedi and James Hardy, ‘Internal IAF Report Criticises Serviceability Rate for Fighter Fleet’, IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, 23 October 2014.
44 Stephen P Cohen, ‘The Bad, the Ugly, and the Good: South Asian Security and the United States’, testimony given before the House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services Defense Review Threat Panel, Washington, DC, 26 September 2005, p. 8; cited in Ladwig III, ‘India and Military Power Projection’, p. 1179.
45 Tuttle Jr, Defense Logistics for the 21st Century, p. 98.
46 Force, ‘Backbone of the World: C-17 Provides Unmatched Airlift Capability’, February 2013; RAF,‘C-17A Globemaster’, n.d., <http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/c17aglobemaster.cfm>, accessed 22 October 2015; USAF, ‘C-17 Globemaster III’, fact sheet, May 2014, <http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104523/c-17-globemaster-iii.aspx>, accessed 22 October 2015. Others have questioned whether the Arjun can be carried. See Atul Chandra, ‘India's Arjun Mk.2 Tank Revealed’, Livefistdefence.com, 10 August 2012, <http://www.livefistdefence.com/2012/08/indias-arjun-mk2-tank-revealed.html>, accessed 22 October 2015.
47 For range estimates, see Air Mobility Command, USAF, ‘Global En Route Strategy White Paper’, July 2014.
48 USAF, ‘C-130 Hercules’, fact sheet, September 2003, <http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104517/c-130-hercules.aspx>, accessed 22 October 2015.
49 Assuming 60 per cent readiness, a capacity of 120 infantry, 140 paratroops; see Aerospaceweb.org, ‘IL-76’, <http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/transport-m/il76/>.
50 Assuming 60 per cent readiness, and a capacity of 6.08 tonnes or thirty-nine troops. India's upgraded AN-32s will see their capacity rise to 6.8 tonnes. See Vivek Raghuvanshi, ‘Ukraine Conflict Stalls Indian AF Upgrade’, Defense News, <http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air-space/support/2015/03/28/india-ukraine-transport-fleet-upgrade-antonov-avro-air-force/70441446/>, accessed 28 March 2015.
51 Peter John Paul Krause, ‘The Last Good Chance: A Reassessment of US Operations at Tora Bora’, Security Studies (Vol. 17, No. 4, December 2008), p. 661.
52 Kuperman cites Mombasa and Entebbe.
53 Alan J Kuperman, The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004), pp. 57–62.
54 Ibid., p. 59.
55 US Africa Command, ‘U.S. Airlift of French Forces to Mali’, news release, 24 January 2013, <http://www.africom.mil/Newsroom/Article/10206/us-airlift-of-french-forces-to-mali>, accessed 22 October 2015; Shurkin, ‘France's War in Mali’, p. 35.
56 Michael E O'Hanlon, The Science of War: Defense Budgeting, Military Technology, Logistics, and Combat Outcomes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 145.
57 Peter Roberts, ‘The Future of Amphibious Forces’, RUSI Journal (Vol. 160, No. 2, April/May 2015), p. 46.
58 Colin S Gray and Roger W Barnett (eds), Seapower and Strategy (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1989), p. 41.
59 Publicly available estimates of capacity differ. See IISS, The Military Balance 2015, p. 250; Press Information Bureau, Government of India, ‘INS Jalashwa Joins the Eastern Fleet’, media release, 13 September 2007, <http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=31220>, accessed 22 October 2015; Abhijit Singh, ‘The Indian Navy's “New” Expeditionary Outlook’, ORF Occasional Paper No. 37, Observer Research Foundation, October 2012, pp. 7–8.
60 Congressional Budget Office (CBO), ‘Moving the Marine Corps by Sea in the 1990s’, October 1989, p. 15; Douglas C Lovelace Jr, Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents. Volume 121–140 (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 212; Lawrence Freedman, The Official History of the Falklands Campaign. Vol. 2: War and Diplomacy (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 175.
61 This rough figure is derived from discounting the availability rates of American amphibious ships. See CBO, ‘An Analysis of the Navy's Amphibious Warfare Ships for Deploying Marines Overseas’, No. 4172, November 2011, p. 9.
62 Singh, ‘The Indian Navy's “New” Expeditionary Outlook’, pp. 3–4.
63 Ajay Banerjee, ‘India to Ramp Up Amphibious Capabilities with Four Warships', The Tribune, 11 January 2015.
64 Pranav Kulkarni, ‘Navy Will Reach “Brigade-Lift” Capability by 2022, Says Vice-Admiral Soni’, Indian Express, 30 November 2012.
65 O'Hanlon, The Science of War, p. 86; Allan R Millett, ‘Assualt from the Sea: The Development of Amphibious Warfare between the Wars – The American, British, and Japanese Experiences’, in Williamson R Murray and Allan R Millett (eds), Military Innovation in the Interwar Period (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 89.
66 David A Welch, Painful Choices: A Theory of Foreign Policy Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 82.
67 Rahul Parmar, ‘HADR in the IOR & the Indian Navy’, Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defence, n.d., <http://goo.gl/CKEtEi> (cached version), accessed 20 October 2015.
68 Roberts, ‘The Future of Amphibious Forces’, p. 44.
69 Ibid., p. 44.
70 Shankar Bhaduri and Afsir Karim, The Sri Lankan Crisis (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers, 1990), p. 113.
71 Globalsecurity.org, ‘91 Infantry Brigade’, n.d., <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/91-bde.htm>, accessed 22 October 2015. One Indian naval source suggests that this unit is now a division rather than a brigade.
72 Prasun K Sengupta, ‘Vertical Envelopment’, Force, September 2012.
73 Rajat Pandit, ‘Forces Ready with Joint Amphibious Warfare Doctrine’, Times of India, 7 September 2008.
74 Press Information Bureau, Government of India, ‘Amphibious Landing Exercise off Gujarat Coast’, media release, 9 February 2009, <http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=47351>, accessed 22 October 2015; Business Standard, ‘Indian Navy Concludes Annual TROPEX Exercise’, Business Standard India, 27 February 2015.
75 Anit Mukherjee, ‘India's Joint Andaman and Nicobar Command is a Failed Experiment’, Asia Pacific Bulletin No. 289, East-West Center, November 2014, pp. 1–2.
76 Rajat Pandit, ‘India to Slowly but Steadily Boost Military Presence in Andaman and Nicobar Islands’, Times of India, 7 May 2015.
77 Danvir Singh, ‘Indian Army: Reminiscences of a Soldier’, Indian Defence Review (Vol. 29, No. 1, January–March 2014).
78 Freedman, The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: Vol. 2, pp. 399–401.
79 O'Hanlon, The Science of War, p. 86.
80 John Warden III, The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1988), ch. 1.
81 Theodore L Gatchel, At the Water's Edge: Defending Against the Modern Amphibious Assault (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2013), ch. 13.
82 Walter C Ladwig III, ‘Drivers of Indian Naval Expansion’, in Harsh V Pant (ed.), The Rise of the Indian Navy: Internal Vulnerabilities, External Challenges (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012), p. 32.
83 Francois Van Loven, ‘The Logistical Challenges Confronting the Afghanistan Drawdown’, Civil-Military Fusion Center, NATO, June 2013.
84 Calculated from figures in A K Tiwary, ‘Helicopter Operations in Sri Lanka’, Indian Defence Review (Vol. 27, No. 3, July–September 2012).
85 Jyotirmoy Banerjee, ‘Seaward Security: Modernizing the Indian Navy’, Anjali Ghosh et al. (eds), India's Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Pearson, 2009), p. 83.
86 Pradeep P Barua, The State at War in South Asia (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), p. 247.
87 George Iype, ‘Indians in Aghanistan: Fear is the Key’, Rediff, 1 December 2005, <http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/01spec1.htm; PTI>, accessed 22 October 2015; Rediff, ‘India to Send More ITBP Troops to Afghanistan’, 23 September 2008; Abhishek Bhalla, ‘Why Indian Missions in Afghanistan are Soft Terror Targets’, India Today, 15 May 2015.
88 John H Gill, ‘Military Operations in the Kargil Conflict’, Peter R Lavoy (ed.), Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 112–13.
89 Ashley J Tellis, ‘Beyond Buyer-Seller’, Force, August 2015, p. 8.
90 Walter C Ladwig III, ‘Indian Military Modernization and Conventional Deterrence in South Asia’, Journal of Strategic Studies (Vol. 38, No. 4, May 2015), p. 23.
91 Union Government, Defence Services, ‘Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Ammunition Management in Army (for the Year Ended March 2013)’, PA 19, May 2015, p. 8.
92 Ibid., p. 10.
93 Ladwig III, ‘Indian Military Modernization and Conventional Deterrence in South Asia’, p. 34; Christopher Clary, ‘What Might an India-Pakistan War Look Like?’, précis, Spring 2012; S P Kapur, ‘India and Pakistan's Unstable Peace: Why Nuclear South Asia is Not Like Cold War Europe’, International Security (Vol. 30, No. 2, Fall 2005), pp. 138–40.