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Notes
1 Julian Rademeyer, ‘Tipping Point: Transnational Organised Crime and the “War” on Poaching’, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, July 2016, p. 10.
2 David Maxwell Braun, ‘Global Partnership Formed to Save Elephants in Key Protected Areas’, Voice for Elephants blog, National Geographic, 26 September 2013; Jane Edge, ‘What Are NGOs Doing to Stop the Slaughter of Africa’s Elephants?’, Africa Geographic, 17 April 2015.
3 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, ‘Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) Challenge Fund’, 4 August 2015, <https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/illegal-wildlife-trade-iwt-challenge-fund>, accessed 16 July 2016.
4 Tom Maguire and Cathy Haenlein, ‘An Illusion of Complicity: Terrorism and the Illegal Ivory Trade in East Africa’, RUSI Occasional Papers (September 2015).
5 Edge, ‘What Are NGOs Doing to Stop the Slaughter of Africa's Elephants?’.
6 South African National Parks, ‘Media Release: SANParks Enlists Retired Army General to Command Anti-Poaching’, 12 December 2012.
7 Daniel Stiles, ‘The Ivory War: Militarised Tactics Won’t Work’, The Conversation, 9 November 2013; Zahra Moloo, ‘Militarised Conservation Threatens DRC's Indigenous People: Part 1’, Inter Press Service, 14 September 2016; Rosaleen Duffy, ‘Waging a War to Save Biodiversity: The Rise of Militarized Conservation’, International Affairs (Vol. 90, No. 4, July 2014).
8 Vanda Felbab-Brown, ‘It’s Corruption, Stupid: Terrorism, Wildlife Trafficking, and Obama’s Africa Trip’, Brookings Institution, 22 July 2015
9 Ibid.
10 ‘In the Line of Fire: Elephant and Rhino Poaching in Africa’, in Small Arms Survey 2015: Weapons and the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 26.
11 Ibid., p. 7, emphasis added.
12 Johan Jooste, quoted in Rademeyer, ‘Tipping Point’, p. 10.
13 Felbab-Brown, ‘It's Corruption, Stupid’.
14 Maguire and Haenlein, ‘An Illusion of Complicity’; Ibid.
15 See, for example, BBC News, ‘Hong Kong Trade “Providing Cover for Smuggled Ivory”’, 28 April 2016. See also Jackson Miller et al., ‘Species of Crime: Typologies and Risk Metrics for Wildlife Trafficking’, C4ADS, May 2015, p. 12.
16 Peter Gastrow, ‘Termites at Work: Transnational Organized Crime and State Erosion in Kenya’, International Peace Institute, September 2011.
17 Felbab-Brown, ‘It's Corruption, Stupid’.
18 UN Office on Drugs and Crime, World Wildlife Crime Report: Trafficking in Protected Species, 2016 (New York, NY: United Nations, 2016), p. 97.
19 TRAFFIC, ‘UK Spearheads Drive to Root out Corruption Fuelling Wildlife Crime’, 11 May 2016.
20 Jay S Albanese, Transnational Crime and the 21st Century: Criminal Enterprise, Corruption, and Opportunity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
21 Gastrow, ‘Termites at Work’, p. 8.
22 Albanese, Transnational Crime and the 21st Century. Emphasis added.
23 International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), ‘Singapore Ivory Seizure – Time to Move Beyond Seizures says IFAW’, 3 April 2014.
24 As, until recently, was the case in Kenya: see Elizabeth Gitari et al., ‘Outcome of Court Trials in the First Two Years of Implementation of the Wildlife Conservation & Management Act, 2013’, WildlifeDirect Courtroom Monitoring Report 2014 and 2015, June 2016.
25 Rademeyer, ‘Tipping Point’, p. 4.
26 Tom Keatinge and Cathy Haenlein, ‘Follow the Money: How Financial Investigation Can Combat Poaching in Kenya’, Newsweek, 2 July 2016.
27 ‘In the Line of Fire’, in Small Arms Survey 2015, p. 7.