II. Domestic Drivers for the Belt and Road Initiative

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Notes

1 National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Commerce, People's Republic of China, ‘Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road'.

2 Stanley Toops, ‘Spatial Results of the 2010 Census in Xinjiang', China Policy Institute: Analysis, 7 March 2016.

3 Edward Wong, ‘China Invests in Region Rich in Oil, Coal and Also Strife’, New York Times, 20 December 2014.

4 Huidian Research, ‘Research and Development Forecast of China's Tomato Products Industry, 2014–2018', February 2014.

5 Stanley Toops, ‘Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949', East-West Center, Washington Working Papers No. 1, May 2004.

6 See URHP, ‘Spatial Results of the 2010 Census in Xinjiang’, <http://uhrp.org/featured-articles/spatial-results-2010-census-xinjiang>, accessed 12 December 2016.

7 Stephen Schwartz, ‘Beleaguered Uyghurs: Oppressed Minority, Terrorist Recruits, or Both?', Weekly Standard (Vol. 009, Issue 39, 2004).

8 Al Jazeera America and Agence France-Presse, ‘Activists Call China's Jailing of Muslim Over Beard “Absurd”’, 30 March 2015; Matt Payton, ‘Ramadan 2016: China Bans Civil Servants and Students from Fasting in Mainly Muslim Region', The Independent, 7 June 2016.

9 The Economist, ‘Don't Make Yourself at Home', 17 January 2015.

10 The Economist, ‘Tongue Tied', 27 June 2015.

11 UNHCR Refworld, ‘China Raises Xinjiang Death Toll to 184', 11 July 2009.

12 Andrew Jacobs, ‘At a Factory, the Spark for China's Violence', New York Times, 15 July 2009.

13 The Economist, ‘The Party under Siege in Urumqi', 10 September 2009.

14 Malcolm Moore, ‘China Removes Communist Party Chief in Xinjiang', Daily Telegraph, 25 April 2010.

15 Edward Wong, ‘China Nearly Doubles Security Budget for Xinjiang', New York Times, 13 January 2010.

16 Carrie Gracie, ‘China Jails Prominent Uighur Academic Ilham Tohti for Life', BBC News, 23 September 2014.

17 For example, in the immediate wake of the 2009 riots, the internet and messaging services were blocked for six months. See Michael Bristow, ‘China Allows Texting in Xinjiang Six Months after Riots', BBC News, 18 January 2010. More recently, China blocked those who attempted to download foreign communications apps or used virtual private networks (VPNs). See Paul Mozur, ‘China Cuts Mobile Service of Xinjiang Residents Evading Internet Filters', New York Times, 23 November 2015.

18 CNN, ‘Hu Calls for Reform in China's Uyghur Region', 26 August 2009.

19 Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef with Alex Strick van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn (eds), My Life with the Taliban (London: Hurst, 2011), p. 135.

20 See Mustafa Hamid and Leah Farrall, The Arabs at War in Afghanistan (London: Hurst, 2015), p. 247; and Brynjar Lia, Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of Al-Qaida Strategist Abu Mus’ab Al-Suri (London: Hurst, 2007).

21 Paul Cruickshank, ‘The 2008 Belgium Cell and FATA's Terrorist Pipeline', CTC Sentinel (Vol. 2, No. 4, April 2009), p. 3.

22 Jacob Zenn, ‘China's Counter-Terrorism Calculus', China Brief (Vol. 16, No. 2, January 2016).

23 Qiu Yongzheng, ‘Turkey's Ambiguous Policies Help Terrorists Join IS Jihadist Group: Analyst', Global Times, 15 December 2014.

24 Nate Rosenblatt, ‘All Jihad is Local: What ISIS' Files Tell Us about its Fighters', New America, July 2016.

25 Bill Roggio and Thomas Joscelyn, ‘Turkistan Islamic Party Leader Criticizes the Islamic State's “Illegitimate” Caliphate', FDD's Long War Journal, 11 June 2016.

26 Zenn, ‘China's Counter-Terrorism Calculus'.

27 Roggio and Joscelyn, ‘Turkistan Islamic Party Leader Criticizes the Islamic State's “Illegitimate” Caliphate'.

28 Thomas Joscelyn, ‘Zawahiri Praises Uighur Jihadists in Ninth Episode of “Islamic Spring” Series', FDD's Long War Journal, 7 July 2016.

29 Author interview with independent researcher who had spent time in Turkey in summer 2016 interviewing Uighurs.

30 BBC News, ‘Q&A: East Turkestan Islamic Movement', 1 November 2013.

31 Michael Clarke, ‘China's “War on Terror” in Xinjiang: Human Security and the Causes of Violent Uighur Separatism', Griffith Asia Institute, Regional Outlook Paper No. 11, 2007.

32 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, ‘New Asian Security Concept for New Progress in Security Cooperation', Remarks at the Fourth Summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia By HE Xi Jinping, President of the People's Republic of China, 21 May 2014.

33 James Kynge, ‘How the Silk Road Plans Will Be Financed', Financial Times, 9 May 2016.

34 Deng Xiaoping, ‘The Central Leadership Must Have Authority', 12 September 1988, <http://en.people.cn/dengxp/vol3/text/c1910.html>, accessed 14 November 2016.

35 Hongyi Harry Lai, ‘China's Western Development Program: Its Rationale, Implementation, and Prospects', Modern China (Vol. 28, No. 4, October 2002), p. 436.

36 Xinhuanet, ‘Western Development Strategy Put Forward', 30 June 1999.

37 Zheng Lu and Xiang Deng, ‘China's Western Development Strategy: Policies, Effects and Prospects', Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA) Paper No. 35201, 5 December 2011, p. 3.

38 Ibid.

39 China Daily, ‘Chinese President Tells Xinjiang Leaders to Work for Unity', 26 August 2009.

40 Shan Wei and Weng Cuifen, ‘China's New Policy in Xinjiang and its Challenges', East Asian Journal (Vol. 2, No. 3, July–September 2010).

41 Ibid.

42 Author interview with government official, Ürümqi, September 2012.

43 English.people, ‘Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao's Speech at Opening Session of Second China-Eurasia Expo', 3 September 2012.

44 Xinhua, ‘NW China City to Build Sino-Turkish Industrial Co-Op Base', 2 September 2011.

45 Joey Wang, ‘Shanghai-Volkswagen Starts Work on New Factory in Xinjiang, China', Car News China, 29 May 2012.

46 Ibid.

47 George Parker, Lucy Hornby and Geoff Dyer, ‘Osborne Seeks Trade in China's Restive Xinjiang Region', Financial Times, 22 September 2015.

48 Katy Barnato, ‘China GDP Growth to Fall Below 6% by 2020: IMF', CNBC, 12 August 2016.

49 Jonathan Eckart, ‘8 Things You Need to Know about China's Economy', World Economic Forum, 23 June 2016.

50 Francis Cheung and Alexious Lee, ‘A Brilliant Plan: One Belt, One Road’, CLSA,<https://www.clsa.com/special/onebeltoneroad/>, accessed 30 January 2017.

51 Kyle Churchman, ‘China's Vision for a New Asian Economic and Political Order', National Bureau of Asian Research, 22 December 2015.

52 Bloomberg, ‘China Leaders Consult Old Master Zhu Rongji Over Reform', 15 September 2015.

53 Cathy Zhang, ‘Guangxi Nonferrous Metals is China's First Interbank Bankruptcy', South China Morning Post, 20 September 2016.

54 Matthew Fulco, ‘Solving the Prickly Issue of Overcapacity in China’, CKGSB Knowledge, 14 June 2016.

55 OECD, ‘Structural Reforms Can Help China Settle into a “New Normal” Era of Slower, But More Sustainable and Inclusive Growth’, 20 March 2015.

56 Bonnie S Glaser and Matthew P Funaiole, ‘Geopolitical Consequences of China's Slowdown', Center for Strategic and International Studies, 16 November 2015.