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Notes
1 NATO, ‘NATO AWACS Surveillance Aircraft Support to the Counter ISIS Coalition’, Factsheet, December 2018, <https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2018_12/20181210_1812-factsheet-awacs-isil-en.pdf>, accessed 19 January 2020.
2 NATO, ‘NATO Mission Iraq’, <https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_166936.htm>, accessed 19 January 2020.
3 NATO, ‘Operation Active Endeavour (Archived)’, <https://mc.nato.int/missions/operation-active-endeavour>, accessed 19 January 2020; NATO, ‘Operation Sea Guardian’, <https://mc.nato.int/missions/operation-sea-guardian>, accessed 19 January 2020.
4 NATO, ‘Mediterranean Dialogue’, <https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52927.htm>, accessed 19 January 2020.
5 NATO, ‘Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI)’, <https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52956.htm>, accessed 19 January 2020.
6 NATO, ‘NATO-African Union Plan Closer Collaboration’, 4 November 2019, <https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_170512.htm>, accessed 19 January 2020.
7 The Warsaw Summit communiqué states: ‘NATO's cooperation with the African Union (AU) encompasses operational, logistic and capacity building support, as well as support for the operationalisation of the African Standby Force, including through exercises, and tailor-made training, in accordance with the AU's requests to NATO. We look forward to further strengthening and expanding our political and practical partnership with the AU, so we are better able to respond together to common threats and challenges’. NATO, ‘Warsaw Summit Communiqué Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Warsaw, 8−9 July 2016’, <https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm>, accessed 19 January 2020.
8 NATO, ‘NATO Strategic Direction South Hub Inaugurated’, 5 September 2017, <https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_146835.htm>, accessed 19 January 2020.
9 Henry Foy, ‘Russia to Invest $500m in Syrian Port of Tartus’, Financial Times, 17 December 2019.
10 For a good background to Russian activities in the Western Balkans, see Dimitar Bechev, Rival Power: Russia in Southeast Europe (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017).
11 Busra Nur Bilgic Cakmak, ‘Russia Sends Fighters to Up Haftar’s Forces in Libya’, Anadolu Agency, 7 January 2020, <https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/russia-sends-fighters-to-up-haftars-forces-in-libya/1694935>, accessed 19 January 2020.
12 BBC News, ‘Libya Conflict: Turkey Sends Troops to Shore Up UN-Backed Government’, 6 January 2020.
13 See Crispian Balmer, “Italian Foreign Policy Flounders Amidst Libyan Blunders’, Reuters, 9 January 2020.
14 For an up-to-date background on US–Turkey relations, see Philip Gordon and Amanda Sloat, ‘The Dangerous Unravelling of the US-Turkish Alliance’, Foreign Affairs,10 January 2020.
15 On energy projects bringing them together, see Hagar Hosny, ‘Egypt Unruffled by EastMed Pipeline Project’, Al Monitor, 20 January 2020, <https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/01/egypt-israel-greece-cyprus-east-med-pipeline-gas-deals-worry.html>, accessed 7 February 2020.
16 Daily Sabah, ‘Turkey Plans to Establish Naval Base in Cyprus’, 25 December 2019, <https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2019/12/25/turkey-plans-to-establish-naval-base-in-cyprus>, accessed 7 February 2020.
17 See TRT World, ‘Why is Turkey Taking up its Libya Deal With the UN?', 2 January 2020, <https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/why-is-turkey-taking-up-its-libya-deal-with-the-un-32667>, accessed 7 February 2020.
18 CSIA European Security Working Group, ‘Instability and Change on NATO’s Southern Flank’, International Security (Vol. 3, No. 3, Winter 1978−79), pp. 150−77.
19 See Andrea Mammone, ‘Europe’s Far Right Seems Determines to Hijack Christianity in its Bid for Power’, The Independent, 13 January 2019.
20 See Lesia Shymko, ‘The Weaponization of Religion: How the Kremlin is Using Christian Fundamentalism to Advance Moscow’s Agenda’, day.kyiv.ua, 5 September 2019, <https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/day-after-day/weaponization-religion-how-kremlin-using-christian-fundamentalism-advance>, accessed 19 January 2020.
21 See Anton Shekhovtsov, Russia and the Western Far Right (London: Routledge, 2017).
22 In fact, Jens Stoltenberg received the ‘Diplomat of the Year’ award from Foreign Policy Magazine in 2019. See NATO, ‘NATO Secretary General Accepts Foreign Policy’s “Diplomat of the Year” Award’, 12 November 2019.
23 NATO, ‘182nd Military Committee in Chiefs of Defence Session – NATO Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium’, 16 December 2019, <https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_172100.htm>, accessed 19 January 2020.
24 The Economist, ‘Emmanuel Macron Warns Europe: NATO is Becoming Obsolete’, 7 November 2019.