VI. In Space, No One Will See You Fight

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Notes

1 John J Klein, ‘The Creation of a U.S. Space Force: It’s Only the End of the Beginning’, War on the Rocks, 2 January 2020.

2 See, for example, Nathan Strout, ‘The Space Force Wants to Use Directed-Energy Systems for Space Superiority’, C4ISRNet, 16 June 2021, <https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/06/16/the-space-force-wants-to-use-directed-energy-weapons-for-space-superiority/>, accessed 2 August 2021; Ramin Skibba, ‘How Trump’s “Space Force” Could Set Off a Dangerous Arms Race’, Politico Magazine, 22 June 2018; Rachel S Cohen, ‘Space Force Will Eventually Put Troops in Orbit, Ops Boss Says’, Air Force Magazine, 29 September 2020.

3 Atomic Heritage Foundation, ‘Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)’, 18 July 2018, <https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/strategic-defense-initiative-sdi>, accessed 5 November 2021.

4 There is no international agreement on what constitutes a weapon in space. It is now commonplace to use the term ‘counterspace capability’, which covers all threats to space systems, including ground stations and receivers.

5 Brian Weeden and Victoria Samson (eds), ‘Global Counterspace Capabilities: An Open Source Assessment’, Secure World Foundation, April 2020, <https://swfound.org/media/206970/swf_counterspace2020_electronic_final.pdf>, accessed 8 March 2021.

6 Paul Glenshaw, ‘The First Space Ace’, Air and Space, April 2018.

7 George Galdorisi, ‘U.S. Navy Missile Defense: Operation Burnt Frost’, Defense Media Network, 18 May 2013, <https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/u-s-navy-missile-defense-operation-burnt-frost/>, accessed 1 April 2021.

8 Shirley Kan, ‘China’s Anti-Satellite Weapons Test’, CRS Report for Congress, 23 April 2007, <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22652.pdf>, accessed 7 March 2021; Ashley J Tellis, ‘India’s ASAT Test: An Incomplete Success’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 15 April 2019, <https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/04/15/india-s-asat-test-incomplete-success-pub-78884>, accessed 8 March 2021.

9 BBC News, ‘Russian Anti-satellite Missile Test Draws Condemnation’, 15 November 2021.

10 Todd Harrison, ‘The Future of MILSATCOM’, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 24 July 2013, <https://csbaonline.org/research/publications/the-future-of-milsatcom/publication/1>, accessed 1 September 2021.

11 Brian Weeden, ‘2007 Chinese Anti-Satellite Test Fact Sheet’, Secure World Foundation, updated 23 November 2010, <https://swfound.org/media/9550/chinese_asat_fact_sheet_updated_2012.pdf>, accessed 7 March 2021.

12 Brian Weeden and Victoria Samson, ‘India’s ASAT Test Is a Wake-Up Call for Norms of Behavior in Space’, SpaceNews, 8 April 2019, <https://spacenews.com/op-ed-indias-asat-test-is-wake-up-call-for-norms-of-behavior-in-space/>, accessed 5 March 2021.

13 Hindustan Times, ‘No Global Heat on India’s ASAT Missile Test’, 29 March 2019.

14 NASA, ‘60 Years Ago: Soviets Select Their First Cosmonauts’, 25 February 2020, <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/60-years-ago-soviets-select-their-first-cosmonauts>, accessed 6 March 2021.

15 NASA, ‘NASA Astronaut Mike Hopkins Transfers to US Space Force While Aboard International Space Station’, 18 December 2020, <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-astronaut-mike-hopkins-transfers-to-us-space-force-while-aboard-international-space/>, accessed 6 March 2021.

16 Derek Richardson, ‘The ISS Marks Two Decades of Continuous Human Presence’, Spaceflight Insider, 2 November 2020, <https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/iss/iss-2-decades-of-continuous-human-presence/#:~:text=The%20International%20Space%20Station%20has,two%20days%20later%20on%20Nov.>, accessed 7 March 2021.

17 Andrew Liptak, ‘France Wants to Arm Satellites With Guns and Lasers by 2030’, The Verge, 28 July 2019.

18 Brian G Chow and Henry Sokolski, ‘U.S. Satellites Increasingly Vulnerable to China’s Ground-Based Lasers’, SpaceNews, 10 July 2020, <https://spacenews.com/op-ed-u-s-satellites-increasingly-vulnerable-to-chinas-ground-based-lasers/>, accessed 7 March 2021.

19 For a full account of the various counterspace capabilities possessed by all actors, see Weeden and Samson (eds), Global Counterspace Capabilities.

20 Alexandra Coultrup, ‘GPS Jamming in the Arctic Circle’, CSIS Aerospace Security Project, 31 March 2020, <https://aerospace.csis.org/data/gps-jamming-in-the-arctic-circle/> accessed 2 August 2021.

21 Glenshaw, ‘The First Space Ace’.

22 Jeff Foust, ‘SpaceX Launches Starlink Satellites and Expands International Service’, SpaceNews, 11 March 2021, <https://spacenews.com/spacex-launches-starlink-satellites-and-expands-international-service/>, accessed 12 March 2021.

23 Amazon Web Services, ‘AWS for Aerospace and Satellite’, <https://aws.amazon.com/government-education/aerospace-and-satellite/>, accessed 28 October 2021; OneWeb, ‘Connected as One’, <https://oneweb.net/>, accessed 28 October 2021.

24 See Blue Origin, <https://www.blueorigin.com/>, accessed 28 October 2021.

25 Ryan Whitwam, ‘Former NASA Head Predicts Commercial Rockets Will Beat SLS’, Extreme Tech, 11 September 2020, <https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/314905-former-nasa-head-predicts-commercial-rockets-will-beat-sls>, accessed 11 March 2021.

26 Mike Wehner, ‘Asteroid Mining Will Produce the World’s First Trillionaire, According to Goldman Sachs’, BGR, 23 April 2018, <https://bgr.com/2018/04/23/asteroid-mining-trillionaire-goldman-sachs-report/>, accessed 11 March 2021.

27 UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, ‘Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Article II’.

28 Louis de Gouyon Matignon, ‘Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space’, Space Legal Issues, 8 May 2019, <https://www.spacelegalissues.com/treaty-on-the-prevention-of-the-placement-of-weapons-in-outer-space-the-threat-or-use-of-force-against-outer-space-objects/>, accessed 11 March 2021.

29 Aidan Liddle, ‘Disarmament Blog: Space Resolution Adopted’, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, 10 December 2020, <https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/aidanliddle/2020/12/10/disarmament-blog-space-resolution-adopted/>, accessed 11 March 2021.