The real Cold War was hot: The global struggle for the Third World

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Notes

1 See Thomas J. McCormick, America's Half Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War (Baltimore MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press 1989). Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration and the Cold War (Stanford CA: Stanford University Press 1992). Michael J. Hogan (ed.), The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1992). Melvyn P. Leffler and David S. Painter, Origins of the Cold War: An International History (London: Routledge 1994). Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1994). Odd Arne Westad (ed.), Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory (London: Frank Cass 2000). David Painter, The Cold War: An International History (London: Routledge 2000). David Reynolds, One World Divisible: A Global History since 1945 (New York: W.W. Norton 2000). Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press 2003). John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press 1997). John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: Penguin Press 2005). Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press 2007). Melvyn P. Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War (New York: Hill and Wang 2007). Particular attention should also be drawn to the ‘Cold War International History Project’ (CWIHP). The CWIHP, which is based at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC, ‘seeks to accelerate the process of integrating new sources, materials and perspectives from the former “Communist bloc” and other countries into Cold War historiography’. See <http://www.cwihp.org>.

2 For example, see Abbott Gleason, Totalitarianism: The Inner History of the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press 1995). James E. Cronin, The World the Cold War Made: Order, Chaos and the Return of History (London: Routledge 1996). Michael E. Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and Nation Building in the Kennedy Era (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press 2000). Nils Gilman, Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 2004). Mark T. Berger, The Battle for Asia: From Decolonization to Globalization (London: Routledge 2004). Gregg Brazinsky, Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans and the Making of Democracy (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press 2007).

3 Henry Kissinger, June 1969, cited in Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit 1983) p.263. More generally see Jeremi Suni, Henry Kissinger and the American Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2007).

4 John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press 1987).

5 Elizabeth Edwards Spalding, The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism (Lexington, KS: University Press of Kentucky 2006). Wilson D. Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press 2007).

6 Stephen D. Krasner, Structural Conflict: The Third World Against Global Liberalism (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 1985). Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy 1945–1980 (New York: Pantheon Press 1988). Enrico Augelli and Craig Murphy, America's Quest for Supremacy and the Third World: A Gramscian Analysis (London: Pinter 1988). Fred Halliday, Cold War, Third World: An Essay on Soviet American Relations (London: Hutchinson Radius 1989). Zachary Karabell, Architects of Intervention: The United States, the Third World, and the Cold War, 1946–1962 (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press 1999). Stephen G. Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press 1999).

7 The term ‘Third World’ (‘Tiers Monde’) was used by Sauvy in an article published in the French magazine L'Observateur on 14 August 1952.

8 On the Bandung Conference, see Jamie Mackie, Bandung 1955: Non-alignment and Afro-Asian Solidarity (Singapore: Editions Didier Millet 2005).

9 On the Soviet Union and the Third World see Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World (New York: Basic Books 2005). Jerry F. Hough, The Struggle for the Third World: Soviet Debates and American Options (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution 1986). Rajan Menon, Soviet Power and the Third World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1986).

10 Roger D. Hansen, Beyond the North–South Stalemate (New York: McGraw-Hill 1979).

11 Mark T. Berger, ‘The End of the “Third World”?’ in Michael Cox (ed.) Twentieth Century International Relations, Volume VII: The Rise and Fall of the Third World (London: Sage 2007) pp.327–45: this is a reprinted version of Mark T. Berger, ‘The End of the “Third World”?’, Third World Quarterly 15/2 (1994) pp.257–4. Also see Mark T. Berger, ‘After the Third World? History, Destiny and the Fate of Third Worldism’, Third World Quarterly 25/1 (2004) pp.9–39; Mark T. Berger and Heloise Weber, Rethinking the Third World: International Development and World Politics (London: Palgrave Macmillan 2008).

12 William Reno, ‘Congo: From State Collapse to “Absolutism”, to State Failure’ in Mark T. Berger (ed.) From Nation-Building to State Building (London: Routledge 2007). Denis M. Tull, ‘The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Militarized Politics in a “Failed State”’ in Morten Boas and Kevin C. Dunn (eds.) African Guerrillas: Raging Against the Machine (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 2007). For an historical overview see Robert B. Edgerton, The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo (New York: St. Martin's Press 2002).

13 Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1996). Also see Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2001).

14 Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 2001).

15 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, revised edition 2006; first published 1983) p.xi.

16 G. John Ikenberry, ‘Creating Yesterday's New World Order: Keynesian “New Thinking” and the Anglo-American Postwar Settlement’ in James Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane (eds.) Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1993) p.57.

17 Nation-building also emerged as an important concern of North American political science in the context of the Cold War and the rise of modernization theory. On this see Mark T. Berger, ‘Decolonization, Modernization and Nation-Building: Political Development Theory and the Appeal of Communism in Southeast Asia 1945–1975’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 34/3 (2003) pp.421–48.

18 Ankie Hoogvelt, Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development (London: Palgrave, 2nd ed. 2001; first published 1997) p.177.

19 Robert Malley, The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution and the Turn to Islam (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 1996).

20 Mark T. Berger, ‘Keeping the World Safe for Primary Colors: Area Studies, Development Studies, International Studies and the Vicissitudes of Nation-Building’, Globalizations 4/4 (December 2007) pp.429–44.

21 ‘From Chaos, Order: Rebuilding Failed States’, The Economist, 5 March 2005, pp.45–7.

22 Mark T. Berger, ‘States of Nature and the Nature of States: The Fate of Nations, the Collapse States and the Future of the World’, Third World Quarterly 28/6 (2007) pp.1203–14.

23 Douglas A. Borer, Superpowers Defeated: Afghanistan and Vietnam Compared (London: Frank Cass 1999).

24 Vali Nasr, The Shi'a Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (New York: W.W. Norton 2006).

25 Bassam Tibi, The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 2002; first published 1998) p.2.

26 Douglas A. Borer and Mark T. Berger, ‘All Roads Lead to and From Iraq: The Long War and the Transformation of the Nation-State System’, Third World Quarterly 28/2 (2007) pp.197–215.