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Abstract
The Federal Bureau of Investigation has experienced a number of high-profile failures – across nearly four decades – in developing its Information Technology (IT) infrastructure. Repeated missteps are indications of problems with the Bureau’s broader culture that degrade its effectiveness across missions. A significant factor contributing to this dysfunctional culture is the diversification of the FBI’s responsibilities, to the point of losing a corporate identity. Reform will require an assessment of the Bureau’s purpose, the elements which it should retain in furtherance of this vision, and the steps to align its workforce with the competencies necessary to pursue this mission.
Notes
1. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, FBI Statutory Charter, 967.
2. Ibid., 970.
3. Ibid.
4. Zegart, Spying Blind, 137.
5. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of the Trilogy Information, 1.
6. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 12.
7. Ibid., 100.
8. Ibid., 94.
9. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Pre-Acquisition Planning, 3.
10. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of the Trilogy Information, 21.
11. Ibid., 24.
12. Ibid., 24.
13. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit II, 14.
14. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Pre-Acquisition Planning, 1.
15. U.S. Department of Justice, Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation, 2.
16. U.S. Department of Justice, Interim Report on the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation, 2; U.S. Department of Justice, Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation, 2.
17. U.S. General Accounting Office, FBI Management of Its Automated Information Systems, 3.
18. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: FBI Has Largely Staffed Key, 9.
19. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, FBI Statutory Charter, 970.
20. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 54.
21. Ibid., 96.
22. Committee on the Judiciary, FBI Statutory Charter, 970.
23. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 4.
24. Ibid., 54.
25. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: FBI Is Building Management, 13.
26. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of the Trilogy Information, 16.
27. U.S. General Accounting Office, FBI Management of Its Automated Information Systems, 6.
28. Ibid., 6.
29. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit IV, 13.
30. Ibid., 13.
31. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 11.
32. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: Foundational Steps, 2.
33. Ibid., 20.
34. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Efforts to Improve the Sharing, 13.
35. Ibid., 33.
36. Ibid., 33.
37. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 40.
38. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of the Trilogy Information, 23.
39. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Pre-Acquisition Planning, 50.
40. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: FBI Is Taking Steps, 3.
41. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit III, 4.
42. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit IV, 71.
43. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit V, 20.
44. Ibid., 20.
45. U.S. General Accounting Office, FBI Management of Its Automated Information Systems, 4.
46. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit II, 42.
47. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: Foundational Steps, 12.
48. Ibid., 42.
49. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 22.
50. Ibid., 40.
51. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: FBI Has Largely Staffed Key, 7.
52. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of the Trilogy Information, 25.
53. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit II, 15.
54. U.S. Department of Justice, Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation, 5.
55. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: Foundational Steps, 10.
56. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: FBI Is Taking Steps, 13.
57. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: FBI Has Largely Staffed Key, 3.
58. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: FBI Has Largely Staffed Key, 3; U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit III, 15.
59. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: FBI Is Building Management, 20.
60. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 100.
61. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of the Trilogy Information, 24.
62. U.S. Department of Justice, Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation, 10.
63. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit III, 18.
64. Ibid., 56.
65. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of the Trilogy Information, 27.
66. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit V, 14.
67. Ibid., 14.
68. Committee on the Judiciary, FBI Statutory Charter, 970.
69. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit V, 14.
70. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 51.
71. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit III, 48.
72. U.S. Department of Justice, Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation, 4.
73. Ibid, 3.
74. Ibid., 14.
75. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 4.
76. Ibid., 5.
77. Ibid., 87.
78. U.S. Department of Justice, Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation, 6.
79. Ibid., 6.
80. U.S. Department of Justice, Audit of the Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s, ii.
81. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit IV, 47.
82. Ibid., 47.
83. U.S. Department of Justice, Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Implementation, 6.
84. U.S. Department of Justice, A Review of the FBI’s Performance, 14.
85. U.S. Department of Justice, A Review of the FBI’s Progress in Responding to the Recommendations in the Office of the Inspector General Report on Robert Hanssen, 37.
86. U.S. Department of Justice, A Review of the FBI’s Performance, 24.
87. Ibid., 25.
88. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit IV, 48.
89. Ibid., 49.
90. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 91.
91. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit IV, 45.
92. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of Information Technology, 4.
93. U.S. Department of Justice, Sentinel Audit IV, 45.
94. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Management of the Trilogy Information, 19.
95. U.S. Department of Justice, Audit of the Status of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s, 15.
96. Ibid., 15.
97. Ibid., 19.
98. U.S. Department of Justice, Audit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s, 5–9.
99. U.S. Department of Justice, Audit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s, 5–9; Tromblay, “The Threat Review and Prioritization Trap,” 762–770.
100. Tromblay, “The Threat Review and Prioritization Trap,” 762–770.
101. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Intelligence Community Directive 204.
102. U.S. Department of Justice, Audit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s, 5–9.
103. 9/11 Review Commission, The FBI: Protecting the Homeland in the 21st Century, 93.
104. U.S. Department of Justice, Audit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s, 9.
105. Ibid., 57.
106. Ibid., 57.
107. Ibid., 65.
108. Ibid., 110.
109. Ibid., 16.
110. Cumming and Masse, FBI Intelligence Reform Since September 11, 2001, 22.
111. U.S. Department of Justice, General, A Review of the FBI's Handling of Intelligence Information, 15.
112. Ibid., 87.
113. U.S. Department of Justice, The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Efforts to Hire, Train and Retain Intelligence Analysts, 2.
114. Ibid., 104.
115. Ibid., 97.
116. U.S. Department of Justice, Review of the FBI's Handling of Intelligence Information, 86.
117. Robert S. Mueller III, Statement before the Senate Judiciary Committee.
118. Intelligence Community Information Technology Enterprise Strategy, 5.
119. 9/11 Review Commission, The FBI: Protecting the Homeland in the 21st Century, 59; U.S. Department of Justice, Audit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s, 2.
120. Peterson, “The FBI’s Latest Mission.”