Neurosurgical management of vascular compression presenting as visual symptoms secondary to elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome)

Abstract

Background

Eagle syndrome (ES) was first described in 1937, to characterize elongation of the styloid process. It is rarely encountered by neurosurgeons but does present the potential for vascular sequelae and neurological complications.

Demonstrative cases

We discuss three patients with uncommon presentations of neurovascular compromise with uncommon symptomatology, secondary to ES. Their management ranged from retrospective diagnoses following self-limited events, antiplatelet therapy, and endovascular and surgical interventions.

Discussion

While traumatic fractures, chiropractic manipulation, and history of prior neck surgery have been implicated as the etiologies for ES, congenital cases are common. The styloid process intimately interplays with adjacent neurovascular and nervous structures; its elongation can cause symptoms in 10% of patients.

Conclusion

Awareness of this potentially dangerous but rare disease – more commonly seen by our otolaryngology colleagues – may help reduce diagnostic delays when an elongated styloid process is the cause, as surgery may be required.

Keywords:

• Carotid artery dissection
• Eagle syndrome
• elongated styloid
• Horner’s syndrome
• stylohyoid syndrome

Author contributions

Pouya Entezami: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing (original draft, review, editing); Payam Entezami: investigation, data curation, writing (original draft, review, editing); Nicholas Field: conceptualization, investigation, data curation; Emad Nourollahzadeh: investigation, data curation; Carlos Pinheir-Neto: investigation, data curation, supervision; John Dalfino: investigation, data curation, writing (original draft, review, editing), supervision.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.