Relationships between Littoral Zone Macrophytes and the Fish Community in Four Urban Minnesota Lakes

ABSTRACT

We evaluated relationships between macrophyte and fish communities in the littoral zone of four eutrophic lakes in the metropolitan area of Minneapolis, Minnesota. We observed relationships between slender arrowhead (Sagittaria graminea), tape grass (Vallisneria americana), and sago pondweed (Stuckenia pectinatus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum), tadpole madtom (Noturus gyrinus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis).