Using cladistic characters to predict functional variety: experiments using early gnathostomes

ABSTRACT

An increasing number of paleobiological studies use preexisting cladistic data sets to estimate shifting levels of morphological disparity over time, and investigate the relative positions of taxa within a multivariate morphospace. Although these patterns are derived from characters selected to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships, it is sometimes suggested that they also reflect functional or ecological variation. We test this assertion using a purpose-built matrix of functional mandibular traits and 24 published cladistic matrices targeting early jawed vertebrates. We find that distance matrices calculated from functional and cladistic data are significantly correlated, but that substantial variation in functional dissimilarity goes unexplained by variation in cladistic dissimilarity. Agreement sequentially improves, but not drastically, when cladistic characters are limited to those pertaining to the skull and then mandible. When dissimilarity matrices are subjected to principal coordinate analysis to yield multivariate morphospaces, we find no clear relationship between phylogenetically independent contrasts for scores on lower functional and cladistic coordinate axes. However, we do find that a majority of variation on the first axis of ordinations based on cladistic characters can be explained by phylogeny, even though the distance matrices underlying these ordinations are phenetic. A resampling procedure reveals a positive, but weak, correlation between cladistic and functional disparity measures for equivalent sets of taxa. Although our results show nonrandom relationships between disparity patterns extracted from functional and cladistic character sets, we conclude that these relationships are not sufficiently strong to allow clear inferences about functional variation to be drawn from data assembled for phylogenetic reconstruction.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank E. Rayfield and M. Brazeau for useful discussion on these topics. Two anonymous reviewers and M. Sakamoto provided helpful comments on earlier versions of this contribution. We also thank G. Hunt (National Museum of Natural History) for scripts to scale phylogenetic hypotheses against stratigraphy. This research was supported in part by the Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (P.S.L.A.), the John Fell Fund, University of Oxford, and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC NE/I005536/1) (M.F.).

Handling editor: Charlie Underwood