Preliminary Evaluation of a Large-Scale American Eel Conservation Stocking Experiment

Abstract

Significant declines in the recruitment of American eels Anguilla rostrata to formerly productive habitats in the upper St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario resulted in the implementation of an experimental conservation stocking program. Nearly 3.8 million American eels (glass eel and elver stages) were stocked during 2006–2009. Our study objectives were to (1) assess the adequacy of sampling procedures for following temporal changes in stocked eel abundance, (2) examine captured eels for evidence of spinal trauma, (3) qualitatively evaluate whether stocked eels would disperse outside of stocking locations, and (4) provide initial data on biological variables describing young stocked yellow eels. Boat electrofishing was successful at capturing all four stocked year-classes, and the densities of stocked eels in the main stocking locations ranged from 25 to 275 eels/ha. Estimated sampling precision ranged from 0.15 to 0.28, and the estimated sample sizes required to detect a 50% change in stocked eel densities ranged from 27 to 112 electrofishing transects depending on location and season. The stocked American eels dispersed throughout Lake Ontario and demonstrated among the fastest recorded growth rates for this species: 60 to 123 mm/year. The first male American eels ever identified in the St. Lawrence River watershed were among the stocked individuals assessed for gender. We conclude that boat electrofishing for yellow American eels has the potential to measure stocking effectiveness along shallow shorelines with limited aquatic vegetation. We also recognize that the ultimate assessment of the conservation stocking experiment will not be made until future studies on the population demographics, migratory behavior, and spawning physiology of stocked American eels are complete.

Received December 10, 2010; accepted May 11, 2011

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The conservation stocking experiment would not have been possible without the support of a number of people, including Liisa Blimke, Pierre Dumont, William Fleming, Mitchell Feigenbaum, Mary Ann Holland, Louis MacDonald, Alastair Mathers, Andy Narezny, Don Speller, Lisa O’Connor, Bill Gardner, and Marla Thibodeau. Greg Pope, Pierre Dumont, and an anonymous reviewer provided constructive comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Funding for this work was provided by Ontario Power Generation's American Eel Action Plan and by the Species at Risk/Coordination des Espèces en Péril program of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.