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ABSTRACT
The pesticide ecosystem impacts are very diverse, and depending on their persistence could exert their intrinsic toxicity within an acute to a chronic timeframe. This study examined the toxic effects of Diazinon on haematological and biochemical endpoints in Oreochromis mossambicus after chronic exposure. After a prior range fining test, fishes were exposed to predetermined diazinon concentrations (T1-0.906 mg/L) and (T2-1.812 mg/L) and sampled after 28 days for toxicity endpoints. In Diazinon-exposed fish, haemoglobin content, Total Red Blood Cells, Total White Blood Cells, and MCH levels were substantially lower (p < 0.05) than in the control fish group. The total blood glucose concentrations in treated fish were substantially greater (p < 0.05) than in the control group, whereas serum protein concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.05). Observation for most biomarkers revealed patterns of decreasing values with increasing toxicant concentration and exposure duration. The integrated indices (IBR and BRI) indexes were used to provide visual and understandable depictions of toxicity effects and emphasised the relativity of biomarkers in terms of sensitivity and magnitude or severity of responses under graded toxicant exposures. In acute and chronic diazinon exposure circumstances, the analysed metrics show significant impairment to Oreochromis mossambicus.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their appreciation to the Department of Zoology at Barasat Government College and The University of Burdwan for providing lab space and infrastructure for this study. The researcher would like to acknowledge the Directorate of Fisheries in Kulia, India for their assistance. The authors also would like to thank Dr. Alex Ford for the grammatical assessment of our manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Author contributions
Conceptualisation, S.S., N.C.S., and C.F.; methodology, S.S., A.C., P.B., and P.G.; software, L.P., and S.N.; validation, S.S., K.D., L.P., and S.N.; formal analysis, S.S., P.B. and A.C.; investigation, S.S., A.C., P.B., P.G., and K.D.; resources, N.C.S. and K.D.; writing – original draft preparation, S.S., N.C.S., and A.V.C.; writing – review and editing, S.S., S.N., A.V.C., K.D., P.S. and C.F.; supervision, N.C.S., and C.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Compliance with ethical standards
Statement of human and animal rights: All applicable international and/or national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.
Institutional review board statement
Throughout the experiment, all ethical concerns were addressed under the University of Burdwan's Institutional Biosafety Committee's (BU/IBSC/20/Zo/34) regulations.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Shubhajit Saha
Dr. Shubhajit Saha is currently working as Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, India. Dr Saha has ten years of research and four years of teaching experience. He has published 47 research and review articles in reputed journals. Dr Saha has already attended and presented papers in various national and international conferences. He is working in fishery science, aquatic toxicology, wetland hydrobiology, plankton and ichthyofaunal diversity, histopathological alterations and microplastics pollution. He is a life member of the Electron Microscopic Society of India, Indian Science Congress Association and Indian Ecological Society, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
Nimai Chandra Saha
Prof. (Dr.) Nimai Chandra Saha is currently chaired as the Hon'ble Vice Chancellor, The University of Burdwan since November 2016. He has a long and vast experience in academia and administration. At present he has published more than 171 papers, review articles in various national and international repute journals. 9 scholars were already awarded Ph.D. under his supervision while 11 Ph.D. scholars are currently working under his guidance. Already 8 scholars were received Post Docs from him. Prof. Saha has spent 37 years in research on Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Toxicology, Fisheries Sciences and 33 years in teaching. He has chaired as principal in several Government and Government Aided Colleges across the West Bengal under West Bengal Senior Education Service (Higher Education).
Arnab Chatterjee
Dr. Arnab Chatterjee have completed his Ph. D degree from Dept. of Zoology, The University of Burdwan in 2022. He has been working on pesticide-induced toxicity on fish and other aquatic non-target organisms and their amelioration through medicinal plants for the past 5 years. Besides pesticides, he had also worked on the toxic effects of surfactants, heavy metals and other emerging contaminants on aquatic organisms. He has published 22 research and review articles in reputed national and international journals.
Priyajit Banerjee
Priyajit Banerjee is a DST-SERB National Postdoctoral Fellow (NPDF) at the Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology at the University of Burdwan. His scientific focus rests on elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the toxicity of eco-toxicants. He is also working to reveal the mechanism of infection to fish pathogenic fungus.
Pramita Garai
Pramita Garai is a postdoctoral fellow at the Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, at the University of Burdwan. She is working on molecular understanding of toxicity in aquatic organisms.
Pramita Sharma
Pramita Sharma is currently working as a Research Scholar in the Department of Zoology at the University of Burdwan, India. Pramita Sharma is working in the field of ecotoxicology and fishery sciences. Her area includes assessing the role of toxicant and their effects on aquatic organisms, measuring the stress enzymes, and locating the extent of DNA damage. She has published articles and reviews in the reputed journal and presented her papers at various international and national conferences.
Lipika Patnaik
Dr. Lipika Patnaik holds the position of Professor in the Department of Zoology and has over 22 years of rich cross-functional experience in Academics and Administration. he has special interest in PAH aquatic toxicology, Marine Plankton- nutrient modelling and taxonomy with special reference to pollution in the coastal waters of Bay of Bengal, Odisha. Her group has participated in coastal sampling survey cruise through ‘Sagar Manjusha’ along the entire stretch of Bay of Bengal, Odisha in collaboration with SAC-ISRO and vessel participation approved by NIOT, Chennai, Government of India. Her present focus is on developing integrated biomarkers for coastal pollution and identification of planktons as bioindicator species.
Susri Nayak
Dr. Susri Nayak has completed her PhD from Dept of Zoology, Ravenshaw University in 2021. She has been working on PAH-induced toxicity on fish and other non-target organisms. She has also worked on toxic effects of other pollutants, heavy metals and other emerging contaminants. Her toxicological research includes both in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Besides she is also works on plankton and nutrient modelling, fishery science and hydrobiological studies. She has been in the field of research since 10 years.
Kishore Dhara
Dr. Kishore Dhara (WBFS) is presently working as Deputy Director of Fisheries (Head Quarter) under the Department of Fisheries. Dr. Dhara completed his M.Sc. in Zoology from Calcutta University and Ph.D. in aquatic ecotoxicology from Kalyani University. An acclaimed researcher, his research interests lie in fish breeding, behaviour and aquatic ecosystem; besides he is also working on aquatic toxicity and its effects on fish and fish food organisms. Till now he has bagged to his credit of 39 full research papers in peer reviewed journals of national and international repute and 11 book chapters published from leading national publishing hous