Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol (THFA) Pulping of Rice Straw

Abstract

A 80–95% solution of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) added with 0.15–0.5% catalytic hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used to pulp rice straw. The pulping conditions applied for organosolv digestions of the straw at atmospheric pressure and 120°C cooking for 4 h. The characteristics of the digestion, chemical properties of the resulting pulp, and the handsheet physical properties were evaluated. As for the pulp yields, the method has high delignification specificity, at kappa number 20, the yield was ca. 60%, about 15–20% higher than the traditional alkaline pulping method. Furthermore, with increasing THFA concentrations, efficacies of delignification also increased. Increasing the catalyst dosage also caused an increase in delignification. Delignification rate of 120°C cooking are not so appreciable, but high yield were retained. If cooking temperatures were increased to 130 and 150°C, although even higher delignification rates were achievable, the yield decreased as well. During the cooking the dissolution of carbohydrate was low, at most 23%, consisting of mostly hemicelluloses, which was as high as 78% of the dissolved carbohydrates. The optimal conditions of the THFA/HCl cooking applied 95% THFA, 0.50% HCl, temperature of 120°C, and cooking time of 240 min. Residue lignin in the resulting pulp was low, and can be bleached to high brightness easily with a conventional bleaching sequence. If, however, energy and operation efficiency was a primary consideration, then a procedural heating scheme could be employed. The physical properties of the THFA pulp handsheets were inferior to those of the kraft pulp. The main reason was the damage to cellulose sustained during the acidic cooking condition.

Keywords:

• Organosolv pulping
• pulp properties
• rice straw
• tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol pulping

Notes

¹⁾Liquor/dry straw = 10, THFA 95%, HCl 0.5%, pulping time 240 min, Kappa no. 17.3.

²⁾Liquor/dry straw = 4, sulphidity 25%, active alkali 16%, pulping temperature 160°C, pulping time 3 h (to temp. 160°C, 90 min, at temp. 160°C, 90 min), Kappa no. 19.2.

¹⁾Strength index = breaking length + burst factor × 10.2^–1+ tear factor × 17.9^–1+ folding endurance × 665–1.^{[ 40 ]}.

²⁾Liquor/dry straw = 10, THFA 95%, HCl 0.5%, pulping time 240 min.

³⁾Liquor/dry straw = 10, THFA 95%, HCl 0.5%, pulping time 240 min, beating.

⁴⁾Liquor/dry straw = 10, THFA 90%, HCl 0.30%, pulping time 240 min, beating.

⁵⁾Liquor/dry straw = 10, THFA 90%, HCl 0.25%, pulping time 240 min, beating.

⁶⁾Liquor/dry straw = 4, sulphidity 25%, active alkali 16%, pulping temperature 160°C, pulping time 3 h (to temp. 160°C, 90 min, at temp. 160°C, 90 min).

⁷⁾Liquor/dry straw = 4, sulphidity 25%, active alkali 16%, pulping temperature 160°C, pulping time 3 h (to temp. 160°C, 90 min, at temp. 160°C, 90 min), beating.

⁸⁾Liquor/dry straw = 4, sulphidity 25%, active alkali 14%, pulping temperature 160°C, pulping time 3 h (to temp. 160°C, 90 min, at temp. 160°C, 90 min), beating.

⁹⁾Liquor/dry straw = 4, sulphidity 25%, active alkali 12%, pulping temperature 160°C, pulping time 3 h (to temp. 160°C, 90 min, at temp. 160°C, 90 min), beating.