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Abstract
Research has shown that cigarette smoke changes chemically and physically after it is released into indoor air, that these changes can increase secondhand smoke (SHS) toxicity, and that acute exposures to even low levels of SHS increase the risk of cardiopulmonary disease. We designed a system to reproduce realistic SHS exposures in the laboratory for use in controlled human exposure studies. We generated cigarette smoke with a smoking machine, diluted it and conducted it through a 6 m3 stainless steel flow reactor at rates equivalent to the upper ranges of normal residential air exchange rates, to create aged cigarette smoke as a model for secondhand cigarette smoke. We observed that approximately 50% of the particle mass deposited within the system and that particle deposition percentage was higher when absorbent materials were placed within the system. The particle size ranges and deposition percentages, coefficients and velocities observed for this smoke aerosol are in good agreement with published values for SHS observed in residences and vehicles. This apparatus also permits the study of the physical and chemical interactions between SHS and indoor surfaces. The apparatus delivers stable aerosol concentrations to a human subject, which will permit accurate analysis of dose-response relationships in studies of the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of SHS exposure.
Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research
Acknowledgments
S.F. Schick, K.F. Farraro, J. Fang, S. Nasir, H. Wong, and J. Balmes were supported by a grant from the Flight Attendants Medical Research Institute. D. Lucas was funded by the NIEHS (Award Number P42ES004705). This project would not have been possible without significant intellectual and practical contributions from the members of the Biological and Agricultural Engineering Shop at the University of California, Davis, particularly from Thomas W. Bell. Suzaynn F. Schick and Kathryn F. Farraro are joint first authors.
[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Aerosol Science and Technology to view the free supplementary files.]