A critical review of filter transmittance measurements for aerosol light absorption, and de novo calibration for a decade of monitoring on PTFE membranes

ABSTRACT

The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments) network monitors the attenuation of light by PM_2.5 samples (fine particulate matter, D_aero = 2.5 μm) routinely collected on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters throughout the United States. The results of this measurement have long been reported as an indicator of absorption, with no rigorous calibration as such. Filter-based absorption measurements more conventionally employ optically thick quartz- or glass-fiber collection media, for which a substantial calibration literature offers algorithms to correct for particle scattering and filter loading effects. PTFE membranes are optically thinner and less homogeneous than the fiber media, but they avoid interference from adsorbed organic gases that is associated with quartz and glass fiber media. IMPROVE's measurement system is a hybrid of integrating sphere and integrating plate that records the light backscattered as well as transmitted by each filter. This article introduces and validates a theory-based model for calibration and data reduction that accounts for particle scattering effects as well as variations in filter optics. Tests based on historical analyses of field blanks and recent reanalyses of archived samples establish that the current system has operated with a stable calibration since 2003.

The newly calibrated IMPROVE absorption values correlate strongly with the refractory carbon fraction reported by thermal-optical analysis as “elemental” (EC). EC is sometimes treated as the only significant light absorber in PM_2.5, but the general decline observed between 2005 and 2014 in IMPROVE EC was not accompanied by a comparable decline in IMPROVE absorption. Absorption also exhibits a distinct association with Fe concentrations, which at IMPROVE sites are attributable mainly to mineral dusts and have generally held steady or risen since 2003. An increased relative contribution by mineral dusts can explain some, but not all, of the observed difference between recent absorption and EC trends.

EDITOR:

• Thomas Kirchstetter

Acknowledgments

IMPROVE is a collaborative association of state, tribal, and federal agencies, and international partners. Contracting and research support was provided by the National Park Service. The Air Quality Group at the University of California, Davis, is the central analytical laboratory, with ion analysis provided by the Research Triangle Institute and carbon analysis provided by the Desert Research Institute. The HIPS measurements described in this article, both routine and experimental, were performed at Davis by Brian P. Perley and Margaret Celyn C. Cruz, and greatly benefit from their dedication and knowledge of the system. The article has benefitted from thoughtful feedback by two anonymous referees and Scott Copeland, one of the original HIPS developers.

Funding

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is the primary funding source. Preparation of this article was funded by the National Park Service under contract P11AC91283 with the University of California.