Performance of bipolar diffusion chargers: Experiments with particles in the size range of 100 to 900 nm

ABSTRACT

Accurate measurement of particle size distribution using electrical-mobility techniques requires knowledge of the charging state of the sampled particles. A consistent particle charge distribution is possible with bipolar diffusion chargers operated under steady-state condition. Theoretical steady-state charge distributions for bipolar charging are well established but recent studies have shown that the performance of particle chargers is a strong function of particle size, particle concentration, ion source, and charger operating conditions. Most of these studies have focused on particles smaller than 100 nm and the applicability of these results for particles larger than 100 nm must be investigated. In this study, experimentally obtained singly-charged and doubly-charged fractions are compared against theoretical predictions for particles in the size range of 100 to 900 nm. The experimental results show that the commercial soft X-ray charger performs as theoretically-predicted over the range of conditions studied while the performance of other commonly used radioactive chargers (⁸⁵Kr and ²¹⁰Po) are dependent on source strengths, flowrates, particle charge polarities, and particle sizes. From measurements of particle residence times and ion concentrations in different test bipolar chargers, prior observations of flowrate-dependent charging fractions can be explained. Additionally, the results from this study are used to determine an acceptable time period for usage of the commercial TSI 3077A ⁸⁵Kr chargers for steady-state charging as a function of flowrate.

Copyright © 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research

EDITOR:

• Pramod Kulkarni

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank TSI Inc. for loaning the soft X-ray charger used in this study.

Additional information

Funding

We (SD and MH) kindly acknowledge partial funding support from the National Science Foundation (AGS-1126361). HY would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51105142) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2014MS119) for partial support of this research.