Age of Initiation and Patterns of Use among People Who Inject Drugs Welcomed in Harm Reduction Facilities in France from 2006 to 2015

ABSTRACT

This exploratory analysis of time-series cross-sectional data provides insights on trends in age at first injection among people who inject drugs in France, and on associations with recent risky injecting behaviors. Data were collected from a national survey conducted in harm reduction facilities in five phases between 2006 and 2015. Standardized questionnaires collected information on demographics, substance use, and route of administration, as well as lifetime and past-month injection. Descriptive and multilevel models were applied to account for the hierarchical structure of the data. Prevalence of lifetime and past-month injection remained stable over time, while the prevalence of daily injection increased significantly. Mean age at first injection only appeared to increase for data collected after 2010. Gender differences in mean age at first injection decreased over time, suggesting the development of converging patterns of initiation independent of sex. After controlling for covariates, early initiation of injection was unrelated to daily injection or material sharing, and associated with the number of recently injected substances. Early initiation is likely a predictor of injected polysubstance use. Findings are relevant to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of prevention programs.

KEYWORDS:

• Aage of first injection
• early initiation
• France
• harm reduction facilities
• people who inject drugs

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all of the participating facilities and interviewees that willingly provided the information necessary to make this study possible, and three anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions.

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by the French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT), which provided financial support for conducting the survey and writing this article.