Gender, subclinical organ damage and cardiovascular risk stratification in hypertensive patients

Abstract

Background: The aims of the study were to assess subclinical organ damage in men and women with hypertension and its subsequent effect on cardiovascular risk, and use of new statistical methods for more precise estimation of cardiovascular risk using vascular cardiovascular risk factors: ankle–brachial index (ABI), intima–media thickness (IMT) and pulse wave velocity (PWV).

Methods: We studied 200 patients: 100 hypertensive and 100 normotensive. The parameters we evaluated included: patient age, ABI, IMT, PWV, serum uric acid and serum C-reactive protein (CRP). In addition, the cardiovascular risk according to the SCORE and Framingham scales was assessed.

Results: In the hypertensive group, there were significant correlations between ABI and the Framingham scale in both sexes. In hypertensive women, there were also significant correlations between IMT and the SCORE scale risk, and IMT and the Framingham scale risk.

In normotensive women, there were significant correlations between ABI and the SCORE scale risk, and between ABI and the Framingham scale risk. In normotensive men, there were significant correlations between PWV and the SCORE scale risk, and between PWV and the Framingham scale risk. Lastly, in the group of normotensive men, there were significant correlations between IMT and the SCORE scale risk, and IMT and the Framingham scale risk.

The possibility of correctly classifying a patient into the high-risk category by a logistic regression model using synchronous ABI, IMT and PWV was high – 74% for the risk according to the SCORE scale (66% in men, 88% in women), and 98% for the Framingham scale.

Conclusions: The addition of recognized subclinical target organ damage tests to the estimation of cardiovascular risk can significantly strengthen the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular risk estimation follow-up with ABI, PWV and IMT increased the probability of correctly classifying people, especially women, into an at least high-risk category according to the SCORE scale, which has valuable therapeutic implications.

Keywords:

• Gender
• ABI
• IMT
• PWV
• cardiovascular risk

Transparency

Declaration of financial/other relationships

L.W.-L., A.P.-M. and J.M. have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with or financial interests in any commercial companies related to this study or article.

CMRO peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (grant number: 502-14-02203310-50663).

Notes on contributors

Lucyna Woźnicka-Leśkiewicz

All authors have read the manuscript and approved its contents.