Abductions, kidnappings and killings in the Sahel and Sahara

Abstract

Hostage-takings in North and West Africa are nothing new. What is new is the assigning of blame to al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and the level of resources Western powers commit to fighting AQIM and other extremists in the region. History shows that the simplified ill-defined fear of a united Islamic front against the West was unfounded. Today, however, Westerners continue to view the motivations behind such actions without considering three fundamental issues. First, who should, or can, effectively ‘govern’ the Sahara and its fringes. Second, by defining the problems as a rising pan-Islamic front, the implementation of hard-power tactics is not questioned. Finally, any consideration of the long-term disparities in the region is postponed in lieu of dealing with hostage-takings or attacks on Western targets. In reality the Sahara and Sahel are contested territories. Ideological and personal divisions are numerous. AQIM and other Jihadi Salafist movements are not popular with the regions' inhabitants. Most practice Sufi forms of Islam which are distant from such extremism. There is little attention to identifying the problems of poverty, creating state integration, and solving the problems that arise from foreign intervention. With the agenda of national leaders and/or international actors focusing on fighting terrorism or mineral resource extraction, a few inhabitants in the region kidnap foreign nationals for ideological reasons, quick money or both. The potential for hostage-taking for money is, at best, a tenuous strategy for the few.

Keywords:

• al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)
• Global War on Terror (GWOT)
• hard power
• terrorism

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the local Arab, Tuareg, and Toubou communities in the northern and eastern regions of Mali and Niger for their candid remarks and hospitality in 2006–2008. Thanks must also be given to Dr Brent McCusker and Dr Timothy Warner at West Virginia University and Frank Graham of Mendocino County, California for their comments and reviews of this paper. Any errors or oversights are strictly my own. Financial support comes from the National Science Foundation's DDRI grant (No. 0622892).

Notes

Morocco includes the Western Sahara territory.

Fort Lamy is the former name of N'Djamena, the present capital of Chad.