Genocide in Namibia, the Holocaust and the Issue of Colonialism

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Notes

¹ See, J. Zimmerer & J. Zeller (eds), Genocide in German Southwest Africa. The Colonial War of 1904–1908 and Its Aftermath (Monmouth, Merlin, 2008; German edition, 2003), and see below.

² See H. Schneider-Waterberg, Der Wahrheit eine Gasse – Anmerkungen zum Kolonialkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1904 (Swakopmund, Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftliche Entwicklung, 2005).

³ M. Wallace, A History of Namibia from the Beginning to 1990 (London, Hurst, 2011), Chapter 6.

⁴ See H. Rafalski, Vom Niemandsland zum Ordnungsstaat: Geschichte der ehemaligen Kaiserlichen Landespolizei für Deutsch-Südwestafrika (Berlin, Wernitz, 1930).

⁵ H. Witbooi, The Hendrik Witbooi Papers (2^nd edn., Windhoek, Archeia, 1995).

⁶ See, G. Pool, Samuel Maharero (Windhoek, Gamsberg Macmillan, 1991), pp. 251–53; I.V. Hull, Absolute Destruction. Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany (Ithaca, NY & London, Cornell UP, 2005), pp. 30, 35–6, 42, 52–3, 56.

⁷ See E. Manela, The Wilsonian Moment. Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anti-Colonial Nationalism (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005).

⁸ D. Olusoga & C. Erichsen, The Kaiser's Holocaust. Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism (London, Faber & Faber, 2010).

⁹ C. Erichsen, The Angel of Death has Descended Violently Among Them: Concentration Camps and Prisoners-of-War in Namibia, 1904–08 (Leiden, African Studies Centre, 2005).

¹⁰ For some English versions, see J. Zimmerer, ‘Colonial Genocide and the Holocaust. Towards an Archeology of Genocide’, in D.A. Moses (ed.), Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History (New York, Berghahn, 2004), pp. 49–79; ‘The Birth of the “Ostland” Out of the Spirit of Colonialism: A Postcolonial Perspective on the Nazi Policy of Conquest and Extermination’, Patterns of Prejudice, 39 (2005), pp. 197–219; Moses (ed.), Genocide and Settler Society, ‘Colonial Genocide: The Herero and Nama War (1904–1908) in German South West Africa and its Significance’, in D. Stone & D.A. Moses (eds), The Historiography of Genocide (London, Routledge, 2007), pp. 323–343; Stone & Moses, ‘The First Genocide of the Twentieth Century. The German War of Destruction in Southwest Africa (1904–1908) and the Global History of Genocide’, in D.L. Bergen (ed.), The Holocaust.: Lessons and Legacies (Evanston, IL, Northwestern UP, 2008), pp. 34–64.

¹¹ See esp. B. Kundrus, Grenzen der Gleichsetzung. Kolonialverbrechen und Vernichtungspolitik’, iz3w, 257 (2004), pp. 30–33; B. Kundrus, ‘From the Herero to the Holocaust? Some Reflections on the Current Debate’, Afrika Spectrum, 40 (2005), pp. 299–308; B. Kundrus, ‘Kontinuitäten, Parallelen, Rezeptionen’, WerkstattGeschichte, 43 (2006), pp. 45–62; R. Gewarth & S. Malinowski, ‘Der Holocaust als Kolonialer Genozid? Europäische Kolonialgewalt und nationalsozialistischer Vernichtungskrieg’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 33 (2007), pp. 439–66.

¹² Gerwarth & Malinowski, ‘Holocaust als Kolonialer Genozid?’, p. 439 (emphasis added).

¹³ See H. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (London, Deutsch, 1986), Chapter 7.

¹⁴ See generally, A.D. Moses (ed.), Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation & Subaltern Resistance in World History (New York & Oxford, Berghahn, 2008).

¹⁵ See, J. Zimmerer, Deutsche Herrschaft über Afrikaner (Münster, Lit Verlag, 2001), pp. 28 & 282.

¹⁶ Hull, Absolute Destruction; summarised in I.V. Hull, ‘The Military Campaign in German Southwest Africa, 1904–1907’, GHI Bulletin, No 37 (Fall, 2005), pp. 39–57.

¹⁷ S. Kuss, Deutsches Militär auf Kolonialen Kriegsschauplätzen. Eskalation von Gewalt zu Beginn des 20– Jahrhunderts (Berlin, Ch. Links, 2010), p. 428.

¹⁸ On which see G. Steinmetz, The Devil's Handwriting. Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa (Chicago, Chicago UP, 2007).

¹⁹ By J.A. Hobson, Imperialism. A Study (London, James Nisbet, 1902), pp. 377–90.