Women in the Driver's Seat: An Exploratory Study of Perceptions and Experiences of Female Truck Drivers and Their Employers in South Africa

Abstract

The road freight industry is essential to Southern African economies, and South Africa, the largest economy and port of entry and exit for the majority of goods coming and going to the region, has a shortage of trained, quality truck drivers. This study investigates the extent to which employers are hiring female drivers in response to this skilled-labour shortage and brings to light the experiences of both employers and female truck drivers in South Africa's road freight industry. Although there is a dearth of literature on the experiences of women in skilled blue-collar work in South Africa, previous studies from the developed world have established certain expectations for the integration of women into traditionally male-dominated fields; the results of this study are discussed in relation to these expectations. Findings suggest that women are increasingly targeted for employment, beyond the requirements of affirmative action legislation, due to the perception that female drivers are safer, more conscientious, less likely to endanger public safety and company property, and less likely to engage in risky forms of behaviour including those associated with exposure to HIV/AIDS. This has led some employers to conclude that the female drivers they employ are not only equal but superior to their male colleagues. While female drivers note challenges in gaining entry and acceptance in the industry, they also report a near-unanimously positive experience with colleagues and supervisors. This study furthers our understanding of changing gender dynamics in South Africa as well as the secondary impacts of HIV/AIDS on southern African countries. The future of female employment in South Africa's road freight industry holds both opportunities and challenges.

Notes

^*We gratefully acknowledge Lisa Dancaster and the Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD) for supporting this research, Jenevieve Mannell and Brendan Maughan-Brown for insights on earlier drafts, and three anonymous JSAS reviewers for their useful suggestions. We would also like to thank the road freight employers and female truck drivers who graciously gave us their time and shared their experiences.

¹ Scott Naysmith is supported by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), the London School of Economics and Political Science, and is a doctoral scholar with the Trudeau Foundation.

² Clara Rubincam is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the London School of Economics and Political Science.

³ The Road Freight Association, http://www.rfa.co.za/index.php?option = com_content&task = view&id = 19 (accessed 20 February 2009).

⁴ Statistics South Africa, ‘Transport and Storage Industry’. Statistics South Africa (Pretoria, 2006), p. 9.

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¹⁸ But see N. Pons-Vignon and W. Anseeuw, ‘Great Expectations: Working Conditions in South Africa Since the End of Apartheid’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 35, 4 (2009), pp. 883–99 for a discussion of exploitation within BEE legislation.

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²⁸ See: www.alligatoronthezipper.com

²⁹ T. Wallace, ‘Women of the Road’ (15 September 2008). (http://www.layover.com/driverscorner/womenintrucking/roleinhistory (2008)); Georgiagirl Blog, ‘Safety for Women's Sake’, in Women in Trucking – Staying out of Harm's Way (http://www.layover.com/driverscorner/womenintrucking/harmsway).

³⁰ Layover.com, ‘Women in Trucking’, http://www.layover.com/driverscorner/womenintrucking; Y. Prabhudas, ‘Women Take the Wheel’, in International Transport Workers Federation (2006).

³¹ Layover.com, ‘Women in Trucking’, http://www.layover.com/driverscorner/womenintrucking; Y. Prabhudas, ‘Women Take the Wheel’, in International Transport Workers Federation (2006)

³² Skills for Logistics, ‘What SfL has Already Achieved’, http://www.skillsforlogistics.org/en/index/aboutus/how-you-can-help/sfl-achievements/). All of the women who participated in the pilot received their large-goods vehicle (LGV) license and have continued to work in the industry. The pilot has evolved into a wider training programme, where 40 places (out of 1,000) have been ring-fenced for women. Diversity and the Skills for Business Network, 2006, GHK Consulting.

³³ For example, see Imperial Logistics, ‘Women Drivers Add a Softer Touch to Imperial Logistics' Services’, http://www.imperiallogistics.co.za/news2004.html ([Accessed on June 23, 2008] 30 November 2004).

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⁵¹ Kanter, ‘Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life’, p. 968.

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⁵⁹ See: Andrew Naysmith, “Roads Less Traveled: A Lady Truck Driver's Story”, http://online.wsj.com/video/roads-less-traveled/B29D292F-236A-427F-8B60-72A96C86A2F4.html (Aired: 7/8/2010).

⁶⁰ See: Liz Rubincam, ‘Women in the Driver's Seat’, http://www.heard.org.za/multimedia/women-in-the-drivers-seat (Screened: 2/4/2009).

⁶¹ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 9, 2009.

⁶² Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 12, 2009.

⁶³ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 16, 2009.

⁶⁴ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 9, 2009.

⁶⁵ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 11, 2009.

⁶⁶ S. Terblanche, ‘Technologically Challenged’, in Road Ahead Online http://www.roadaheadonline.co.za/index.php/road-ahead/logistics/137-technologically-challenged 2010).

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⁶⁸ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 18, 2009.

⁶⁹ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 19, 2009.

⁷⁰ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 18, 2009.

⁷¹ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 17, 2009.

⁷² Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 18, 2009.

⁷³ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 10, 2009.

⁷⁴ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 2, 2009.

⁷⁵ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 13, 2009.

⁷⁶ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 10, 2009.

⁷⁷ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 20, 2009.

⁷⁸ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 20, 2009.

⁷⁹ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 19, 2009.

⁸⁰ Whittock, ‘Women's Experiences of Non-Traditional Employment’, p. 451; Kanter, ‘Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life’, pp. 965–90.

⁸¹ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 20, 2009.

⁸² Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 12, 2009.

⁸³ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 20, 2009.

⁸⁴ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 20, 2009.

⁸⁵ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 12, 2009.

⁸⁶ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 12, 2009.

⁸⁷ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 4, 2009.

⁸⁸ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 12, 2009.

⁸⁹ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 20, 2009.

⁹⁰ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 19, 2009.

⁹¹ Interview, Road Freight Employer, February 16, 2009.

⁹² Interview, Female Truck Driver, January 15, 2009.

⁹³ Interview, Female Truck Driver, February 16, 2009.

⁹⁴ Interview, Female Truck Driver, February 12, 2009.

⁹⁵ Interview, Female Truck Driver, February 12, 2009.

⁹⁶ Interview, Female Truck Driver, January 15, 2009.

⁹⁸ Interview, Female Truck Driver, January 15, 2009.

⁹⁷ Interview, Female Truck Driver, February 16, 2009.

⁹⁹ Interview, Female Truck Driver, January 15, 2009.

¹⁰⁰ Interview, Female Truck Driver, February 12, 2009.

¹⁰¹ Interview, Female Truck Driver, January 10, 2009.

¹⁰² Interview, Female Truck Driver, February 5, 2009.

¹⁰³ Interview, Female Truck Driver, February 12, 2009.

¹⁰⁴ South African Police Services, ‘Crime in the RSA for April to March 2001 to 2005/2006’, Pretoria. http://www.saps.gov.za/statistics/reports/crimestats/2006/_pdf/provinces/rsa_total.pdf (Accessed 2 October 2008) 2006); R. Hirschowitz, S. Worku and M. Orkin, ‘Quantitative Research Findings on Rape in South Africa’, Pretoria, Statistics South Africa 2000.

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¹⁰⁶ Interview, Female Truck Driver, February 5, 2009.

¹⁰⁷ Whittock, Feminizing the Masculine?; Whittock, ‘Women's experiences of non-traditional employment’; Kanter, ‘Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life’, pp. 965–90; K.R. Yount, ‘Ladies, flirts and tomboys’, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 19, 4 (1991), pp. 396–422; L. Zimmer, ‘Tokenism and Women in the Workplace: The Limits of Gender-Neutral Theory’, Social Problems, 35, 1 (1988), pp. 64–77; B.F. Reskin and I. Padavic, ‘Supervisors as Gatekeepers: Male Supervisor's Response to Women's Integration in Plant Jobs’, Social Problems, 35, 5 (1988), pp. 536–50.

¹⁰⁸ Kanter, ‘Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life’.

¹⁰⁹ Kanter, ‘Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life’, p. 972.

¹¹⁰ Eveline, ‘“Normalization”, “Leading Ladies”, and “Free Men”, J. Lee, ‘“I Wish My Mother Could See Me Now”: The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY) an Negotiation of Gender and Class Relations, 1907–1918’, National Women's Study Association, 19, 2 (2007), pp. 138–58.’

¹¹² B. Hutchinson, ‘Transcript of Oral History’, Imperial War Museum, Department of Documents, Number 74/105/1, quoted in Lee, ‘I Wish My Mother Could See Me Now’, p. 153.

¹¹¹ J. Lee, ‘“I Wish My Mother Could See Me Now”: The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY) and the Negotiation of Gender and Class Relations, 1907–1918’, National Women's Study Association, 19, 2 (2007), pp. 138–58.

¹¹³ Roth, ‘The Social Psychology of Tokenism’, pp. 189–214.

¹¹⁴ Lee, ‘I Wish My Mother Could See Me Now’, pp. 138–58.

¹¹⁵ Kanter, ‘Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life’, pp. 965–90.

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¹²¹ Eveline, ‘“Normalization”, “Leading Ladies” and “Free Men” ’, p. 158.

¹²² A. O'Donnell, ‘Gendered Choices: Young Women's Perspectives on Non-Traditional Training and Careers in Northumberland’, Education and Training, 50, 6 (2008), p. 484; Greed, ‘Women in the Construction Professions’; A. Batty and R. Birchielli, ‘Out of the Frying Pan, into the Fire? Persistent Gender Barriers in Australian Fire-fighting and Challenges for HRM’, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 49, 3 (2010), pp. 308–24.

¹²⁴ Greed, ‘Women in the Construction Professions’, p. 193.

¹²⁵ See http://lizrubincam.com

¹²⁶ Whittock, ‘Women's Experiences of Non-Traditional Employment’; O'Farrell and Harlan, ‘Craftworkers and Clerks’, pp. 252–65.

¹²⁷ Kanter, ‘Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life’.

¹²⁸ Bagilhole, Women in Non-Traditional Occupations, p. 155.

¹²⁹ Bagilhole, Women in Non-Traditional Occupations, p. 152.

¹³⁰ C. Cockburn, In the Way of Women (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 1991), p. 164; Bagilhole, Women in Non-Traditional Occupations, p. 151.

¹³² S.E. Martin, ‘“Outsider within” the Station House: The Impact of Race and Gender on Black Women Police’, Social Problems, 41, 3 (1994), pp. 383–400. p. 391.

¹³¹ Kanter, ‘Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life’, p. 981.

¹³³ T. Wallace, ‘It's a Man's World!: Restructuring Gender Imbalances in the Volvo Truck Company?’, Gender Work and Organization, 6, 1 (1999), pp. 20–31.

¹³⁴ Eveline, ‘“Normalization”, “Leading Ladies”, and “Free Men”’, p. 163.

¹³⁵ Eveline, ‘“Normalization”, “Leading Ladies”, and “Free Men”’, p. 163

¹³⁶ B. Rosen and T.H. Jerdee, ‘Perceived Sex Differences in Managerially Relevant Characteristics’, Sex Roles, 4 (1978), pp. 837–43, p. 843.

¹³⁷ Batty and Birchielli, ‘Out of the Frying Pan, into the Fire?, pp. 308–24; J. McLennan, A. Birch, R. Beatson and S. Colishaw,‘Factors Impacting on Recruiting and Retaining Australia's Volunteer Firefighters’, Australian Journal on Volunteering, 12, 2 (2007), pp. 59–69.

¹³⁸ O'Farrell and Harlan, ‘Craftworkers and Clerks’, pp. 252–65; H. Meyer and M.D. Lee, ‘Women in Traditionally Male Jobs: The Experiences of Ten Public Utility Companies' (Monograph Number 65, U.S. Department of Labour’, Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office (1978); M. Walshok, ‘Factors Affecting Success for Women in Skilled Blue-Collar Jobs’ (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, Boston 1979); Batty and Birchielli,‘Out of the Frying Pan, into the Fire?’, pp. 308–24.

¹³⁹ Whittock, Feminizing the Masculine? Women in Non-Traditional Employment, p. 19.

¹⁴⁰ D. Walsh and P. Scully, ‘Altering Politics, Contesting Gender’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 32, 1 (2006), p. 12.