Pan-Africanism, Intersectionality and African Problems

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Notes

1 There is a vast literature on the historical origins of pan-Africanism including the following: B. Magubane, The Ties that Bind: African American Consciousness of Africa (Trenton, Africa World Press, 1987); P.O. Esedebe, Pan-Africanism: The Idea and The Movement 1776–1963 (Washington DC, Howard University Press, 1982); V. B. Thompson, Africa and Unity: The Evolution of Pan-Africanism (Harlow, Longman, 1969); H. Campbell, B.F. Bankie and S. Sibanda (eds), Pan-Africanism and African Liberation in the Twenty-First Century (Windhoek, The Pan-African Centre of Namibia, 2000); I. Geiss, The Pan-African Movement (London, Methuen, 1974); C. Legum, Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide (London, Pall Mall, 1965); J. Adibe (ed.), Who Is an African? Identity, Citizenship and the Making of the Africa-Nation (Oxford, Adonis and Abbey, 2009); J.A. Langley, Pan-Africanism and Nationalism in West Africa 1900–45: A Study in Ideology and Social Class (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973).

2 T. Abdul-Raheem (ed.), Pan-Africanism: Politics, Economy and Social Change in the Twenty First Century (London, Pluto Press, 1996).

3 K. Prah, Beyond the Colour Line: Pan-Africanist Disputations, Selected Sketches, Letters, Papers and Reviews (Trenton, Africa World Press, 1998); Chinweizu, Arab Colonialism: US of Africa, No. US of Black Africa, Yes, available at https://www.academia.edu/26905101/Collection_of_Articles_by_Professor_Chinweizu, retrieved 16 November 2021.

4 See S. Tamale (ed.), African Sexualities: A Reader (Oxford, Pambazuka Press, 2011); M. Epprecht, Sexuality and Social Justice in Africa: Rethinking Homophobia and Forging Resistance (London, Zed Books, 2013).

5 K. Olorunnisola, ‘SARS Is No More, but Nigerians Say Police Abuse Still Here’, Al Jazeera, Qatar, 13 February 2021, available at https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/13/sars-is-no-more-but-nigerians-say-police-abuse-still-here, retrieved 23 June 2021; E. Akinwotu, ‘Nigeria Cracks Down on “End Sars” Protesters, Alleging Terrorism’, Guardian, London, 13 November 2020, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/13/nigeria-cracks-down-on-end-sars-protesters-alleging-terrorism, retrieved 3 December 2020.

6 See J.P. Pham, ‘AFRICOM From Bush to Obama’, South African Journal of International Affairs, 18, 1 (2011), pp. 107–24.

7 T. Mundenga, ‘Afrophobia in South Africa: A Drawback to Regional Integration and Development’, Southern Africa in the New Millennium Discourse (2015), pp. 1–16, available via https://www.academia.edu/12940177/Afrophobia_in_South_Africa_A_Drawback_to_Regional_Integration_and_Development; D.M. Matsinhe, Apartheid Vertigo: The Rise in Discrimination Against Africans in South Africa (London, Routledge, 2011); A. Biney, ‘Cry My Beloved South Africa: The Cancer of Afrophobia’, Pambazuka, 23 March 2017, available at https://www.pambazuka.org/human-security/cry-my-beloved-south-africa-cancer-afrophobia, retrieved 6 March 2022. M. Leshole, ‘AfCFTA and Regional Integration in Africa: Is African Union Government a Dream Deferred or Denied?’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies (online 2020), available at doi: 10.1080/02589001.2020.1795091

8 See J. Burke, E. Akinwotu, L. Kuo, ‘China Fails to Stop Racism against Africans over Covid-19’, Guardian, 27 April 2020, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/27/china-fails-to-stop-racism-against-africans-over-covid-19, retrieved 4 April 2022; B. Joles, ‘Complaints of Racism Mars China’s Coronavirus Response’, Al-Jazeera, 26 April 2020, available at https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/26/complaints-of-racism-mar-chinas-coronavirus-response, retrieved 28 December 2021; ‘African Nationals “Mistreated, Evicted” in China over Coronavirus’, Al Jazeera, 12 April 2020, available at https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/12/african-nationals-mistreated-evicted-in-china-over-coronavirus, retrieved 28 December 2021.

9 See A. Popovic, The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq in the 3rd/9th Century (Princeton, Markus Wiener, 2011 [1998]); A. Whelan, Living in the Shadows The Enduring Marginalization of Black Iraqis (Washington DC, International Republican Institute, 2020), available at https://www.iri.org/resources/new-iraq-report-examines-racial-inequalities-in-basra/, retrieved 4 April 2022; V. Kabeya, ‘Black Iraqis are Not the Descendants of Slaves – On the Cushitic Origins of Iraq’, 25 January 2021, available at https://f-origin.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/9233/files/2021/02/BLACK-IRAQIS-SCIENTIFIC-ARTICLE-by-Victoria-Kabeya-January-2021-1.pdf, retrieved 8 November 2021; A. Al-Azraki, , ‘Uncovering Anti-Blackness in the Arab World’, The Conversation, London, 9 June 2021, available at https://theconversation.com/uncovering-anti-blackness-in-the-arab-world-162060, retrieved 8 November 2021; I. al Marashi, ‘In Black Lives Matter, Black Iraqis See Reflection of Their Own Struggle’, TRT World, Istanbul, 20 July 2020, available at https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/in-black-lives-matter-black-iraqis-see-reflection-of-their-own-struggle-38255, retrieved 8 November 2021.

10 See N. Nyabola, ‘Eulogy for Pan-Africanism: Long Live Man-Africanism’, New Inquiry, New York, 23 May 2016, available at https://thenewinquiry.com/eulogy-for-pan-africanism-long-live-man-africanism/, retrieved 6 November 2021.

11 See P.H. Collins and S. Bilge, Intersectionality (London, Polity Press, 2016), p. 2.

12 See K. Gaines, African Americans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and Civil Rights Era (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2006).

13 See E. Stanford-Xosei, ‘The Long Road of Pan-African Liberation to Reparatory Justice’ in H. Adi (ed.), Black British History: New Perspectives (London, Zed Books, 2019), pp. 176–98.

14 See H. Beckles, Britain’s Black Debt: Reparations for Caribbean Slavery and Native Genocide (Kingston, University of the West Indies Press, 2012); D.A. Comissiong, It’s the Healing of the Nation: The Case for Reparations in an Era of Recession and Re-colonisation (St Peter, Caribbean Chapters, 2013); A.A. Mazrui, Black Reparations in the Era of Globalization (Binghamton, Global Academic Publishing, 2002).

15 T. Abdul-Raheem, ‘Corrupt Leaders are Mass Murderers’, Pambazuka News, 19 March 2009, available at https://www.pambazuka.org/pan-africanism/corrupt-leaders-are-mass-murderers, retrieved 25 December 2021.

16 See K. Crenshaw, ‘The Intersection of Race and Gender’, in K. Crenshaw, N. Gotanda, G. Peller and K. Thomas (eds), Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement (New York, New Press, 1995), pp. 357–83.

17 See A. Lorde, Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches (New York, Cross Press, 1984), p. 138.

18 W. Rodney, Walter Rodney Speaks: The Making of An African Intellectual (Trenton, Africa World Press, 2015 [1990]).

19 See A. Biney, ‘Fanonist “Pitfalls” in the Pan-African Movement Since 1945’, Africa Insight, 48, 3 (2018).