New HIV-protease assays applying self-quenching peptide substrates in combination with time-resolved fluorescence single-molecule spectroscopy

Abstract

This work describes the optimization and adoption of an assay system for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-protease, whose inhibition plays a central role in HIV therapy. The HIV-protease, which is an essential enzyme during viral maturation, has a specific cleavage site of eight amino acid residues (SQNY*PIV). Adding two amino acid residues at the N-terminus and enclosing the resulting sequence by a dye-labelled lysine residue and a tryptophan residue leads to the substrate (K(dye)CGSQNY*PIVW) in which the fluorescence of the fluorophore is efficiently quenched by the intrinsic tryptophan due to a photoinduced electron transfer reaction. After cleavage of the substrate by the target enzyme, the dye and the tryptophan residue are separated, effecting a significant increase in fluorescence intensity. Measuring the fluorescence versus time enables an online-monitoring of the enzyme activity. With this method, a HIV-PR concentration of 10⁻⁹ M is detectable within minutes, which is comparable with commercially available assays using doubly labelled substrates based on a fluorescence resonance energy transfer. We were able to further increase the sensitivity to the subnanomolar range by using confocal single-molecule spectroscopy.

Keywords:

• Proteolytic enzymes
• HIV-protease
• Photoinduced electron transfer
• Single-molecule spectroscopy

Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to J. Wolfrum for discussions and his support. This work was financially supported by the Landesstiftung Baden-Württemberg, Alexander von Humboldt foundation, and the Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds.